@article{soborgpedersenProductionPurification165Er2026,
	title = {Production and Purification of 165Er from Pressed Ho2O3:Al Targets on a 16.5 {MeV} Cyclotron},
	volume = {10},
	rights = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/},
	issn = {2410-390X},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2410-390X/10/1/14},
	doi = {10.3390/instruments10010014},
	shorttitle = {Production and Purification of 165Er from Pressed Ho2O3},
	abstract = {Erbium-165 (165Er) is an Auger electron emitter with 7.2 electrons per decay and very few other emissions, making it an interesting candidate for Auger electron therapy. We present here a procedure for producing 165Er by the {natHo}(p,n)165Er nuclear reaction on a 16.5 {MeV} medical cyclotron. The target was prepared by pressing a Ho2O3:Al 1:1 (w/w) powder mixture on a Ag disc with a cylindrical depression in the center. With a 0.1 mm Nb foil in front, degrading the energy to 15 {MeV}, and water cooling at the back of the Ag disc, the target could withstand irradiation at currents up to 45 µA without showing any signs of damage. The beam tolerance of the target was also estimated by calculating the temperature and heat dissipation in the target via the numerical solution of the heat transport equations. For a 180 mg target, the production yield was 12.3 ± 1.9 {MBq}/µAh. The separation of two neighboring lanthanides is challenging, which led us to study the distribution coefficients for Er and Ho on commercially available {LN}2 resin for both {HNO}3 and {HCl} eluents. Based on these values, we propose a purification procedure involving two successive {LN}2 columns for separating the 165Er from Ho and Al, followed by a small {TK}221 column to concentrate the final eluate. No radionuclidic impurities were detected, and the chemical impurities found in the final formulation were traces of Ho, Er, Ca, Pb, and Fe. For three different chelators ({DOTA}, {DTPA}, and {CHX}-A″-{DTPA}), the effective molar activity of the final formulation was measured. The stability of the three complexes formed was also assessed upon incubation in mouse serum for 28 h.},
	pages = {14},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Instruments},
	publisher = {Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute},
	author = {Søborg Pedersen, Kristina and Deville, Claire and Borre, Trine and Torabi, Ghazal and Naidoo, Clive and Jensen, Mikael},
	urldate = {2026-03-11},
	date = {2026-03},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {Auger electron emitter, chemical separation, radiolanthanides, radionuclide production, scientific-publication},
}

@article{nguessanComparativeTheranosticEfficacy2025,
	title = {Comparative theranostic efficacy of 177Lu- and 161Tb-labeled A1K2 {SdAb} in mesothelin-positive tumors},
	issn = {1619-7089},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-025-07723-z},
	doi = {10.1007/s00259-025-07723-z},
	abstract = {Mesothelin ({MSLN}), a 40 {kDa} glycoprotein normally confined to mesothelial cells, is overexpressed in several malignancies, including triple-negative breast cancer ({TNBC}). The anti-mesothelin single-domain antibody ({sdAb}, or “nanobody®”) {DOTA}-A1K2, previously validated for positron emission tomography ({PET}) imaging using site-specific 68Ga radiolabeling, may also serve as a radio-theranostic agent when labeled with 177Lu. Moreover, 161Tb has recently been proposed as an alternative to 177Lu that might provide additional efficacy due to the emission of Auger electrons. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro and in vivo the therapeutic effect of [177Lu]Lu-{DOTA}-A1K2 and [161Tb]Tb-{DOTA}-A1K2.},
	journaltitle = {European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging},
	shortjournal = {Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging},
	eprinttype = {pubmed},
	eprint = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41454065/},
	author = {N’Guessan, Émilien and Raes, Florian and Ahmadi, Mitra and Bacot, Sandrine and Dumas, Laurent and Leenhardt, Julien and du Moulinet d’Hardemare, Amaury and Debiossat, Marlène and André, Clémence and Boutonnat, Jean and Durivault, Jérôme and Montemagno, Christopher and Lenormand, Jean-Luc and Djaïleb, Loïc and Köster, Ulli and Van de Voorde, Michiel and Ramaekers, Stijn and Verguts, Ken and Ghezzi, Catherine and Perret, Pascale and Lombardi, Charlotte and Broisat, Alexis},
	urldate = {2026-02-23},
	date = {2025-12-27},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {Lutetium-177, Mesothelin, Radio-ligand therapy, {SdAb}, Terbium-161, Triple negative breast cancer, user-project},
}

@article{manchevaFirstLaserionizedEuropium2025,
	title = {First laser-ionized europium collection at {CERN}-{MEDICIS}},
	volume = {569},
	issn = {0168-583X},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168583X25002629},
	doi = {10.1016/j.nimb.2025.165872},
	abstract = {The {MEDICIS} facility at {CERN} aims to produce non-conventional radionuclides towards medical applications. In this work, the first collection of europium-145 (Eu-145) at {CERN}-{MEDICIS} is presented, focusing on the development and optimization of a resonance laser ionization scheme to improve isotope extraction efficiency. A two-step ionization scheme was developed and implemented, ensuring compatibility with the available laser infrastructure. The collection campaign in October 2024 successfully delivered Eu-145 for metrology studies, demonstrating the feasibility of laser-enhanced Eu ionization. The results indicate a collection efficiency of 1.85\% ± 0.09\%, although further development is in progress to optimize the ionization scheme and ion source parameters and operating conditions.},
	pages = {165872},
	journaltitle = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms},
	shortjournal = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms},
	author = {Mancheva, R. and Bernerd, C. and Chrysalidis, K. and Cocolios, T. E. and Duchemin, C. and Elle, M. and Rossel, R. and Van Dingenen, B.},
	urldate = {2026-02-19},
	date = {2025-12-01},
	keywords = {{CERN}-{MEDICIS}, Europium, Mass separation, Medical isotopes, Resonance laser ionization, Scheme development, scientific-publication},
}

@thesis{jasonActivityDeterminationNuclear2025,
	title = {Activity Determination in Nuclear Medicine Using Radionuclide Calibrators},
	url = {https://zenodo.org/records/18458894},
	doi = {10.5281/zenodo.18458894},
	abstract = {In recent years, the treatment of patients in nuclear medicine using exotic radionuclides (particles that send out ionizing radiation) formulated in pharmaceuticals for patient administration has gained a lot of attention. With that, the need for better assessments of treatment effectiveness has increased as well. At the root of these challenges lies the accuracy with which the radioactive pharmaceuticals are measured. Inaccuracies could lead to treatment failures, adverse effects or misinterpretations of effectiveness in preclinical studies and should be avoided. In this study, a solution of a particularly interesting radionuclide (terbium-161) has been put in various vials, syringes and tubes to see how well the amount of radioactivity that is measured coincided with the amount of radioactivity that was put in the container. The amount of radioactivity was measured using a device commonly referred to the ”radionuclide calibrator” or (”activity meter”). For two vials, the concentration of radioactivity (i.e. amount of activity per 1 gram of solution) has been verified using a second device referred to as the ”gamma counter”. The results are striking. For the syringes and tubes, the amount of radioactivity that was measured is up to 30\% higher than what was actually present. The vials, on the other hand, had the measured radioactivity be much closer to what was in the vial. It was also found that for most containers, the items that were used to perform the measurements (to hold the container in the detector, for example) caused the measured radioactivity to deviate from the actual amount as well. The measurements using the gamma counter are promising. The amount of radioactivity per 1 gram of solution was the same as was expected. This means that this second device may proof useful in the future as a tool to verify the amount of radioactivity that was present in a container. However, there were some obstacles observed due to (unavoidable) contaminants present in the solution that make it harder to conduct the measurements. To conclude, the results indicate that the old ”one-size-fits-all” approach that is the dominant approach in nuclear medicine is outdated. Special care and attention must be brought to how to accurately measure the novel radionuclides that are coined to be the (cancer) treatments of the future. Not doing so may lead to large errors that could have been avoided.},
	institution = {Zenodo},
	type = {phdthesis},
	author = {Jason, Noben and Kristof, Baete},
	urldate = {2026-02-04},
	date = {2025},
	keywords = {thesis},
}

@article{bernerdcyrilCERNMEDICISUniqueFacility2025,
	title = {{CERN}-{MEDICIS}: A unique facility for the production of radionuclides for medical research},
	rights = {Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International},
	issn = {2673-5490},
	url = {https://jacow.org/ipac2025/doi/jacow-ipac2025-tupb047},
	doi = {10.18429/JACOW-IPAC2025-TUPB047},
	shorttitle = {{CERN}-{MEDICIS}},
	abstract = {The {MEDICIS} facility is a unique facility located at {CERN}, dedicated to the production of non-conventional radionuclides for research and development in imaging, diagnostics and radiation therapy, and based on offline mass separation. It exploits a classified area for handling of highly radioactive open sources, a dedicated isotope separator beam line, a target irradiation station at the 1.4 {GeV} Proton Synchroton Booster ({PSB}) and receives activated targets from external institutes during {CERN} Long Shut-Downs. After collection, the batch is prepared to be dispatched to a research center. Since its commissioning in December 2017, the facility has provided novel radionuclides such as Ba-128, Tb-155, Sm-153, Tm-165 Ra-224/Pb-212 and Ra-225/Ac-225 with high specific activity, some for the first time, to research institutes part of the collaboration. {CERN}-{MEDICIS} has advanced significantly to reach mature processes to translate into clinical application for the most promising radionuclides.},
	pages = {1071--1074 pages, 0.73 MB},
	publisher = {{JACoW} Publishing},
	author = {{Bernerd,Cyril} and {Crepieux,Bernard} and {Duchemin,Charlotte} and {Elle,Manikanta} and {Gilardoni,Simone} and {Heinke,Reinhard} and {Kalnina,Patricija} and {Lambert,Laura} and {Mamis,Edgars} and {Mancheva,Ralitsa} and {Rossel,Ralf} and {Rothe,Sebastian} and {Stora,Thierry} and {Thiboud,Julien} and {Vollaire,Joachim}},
	editor = {{Lin,Ming-Chyuan} and {Sato,Yoichi} and {Huang,Jui-Che} and {Button,David} and {Chuang,Ping-Shun}},
	urldate = {2026-02-02},
	date = {2025-11-05},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Artwork Size: 1071-1074 pages, 0.73 {MB}
{ISBN}: 9783954502486
Medium: {PDF}},
	keywords = {Accelerator Physics, {MC}8.U04 - {MC}8.U04 Isotope Production, mc8-applications-of-accelerators-and-engagement-for-industry-and-society - {MC}8: Applications of Accelerators, and Engagement for Industry and Society, scientific-publication},
}

@inproceedings{bokaNanolayerMonocrystallineSi2025a,
	location = {Cham},
	title = {Nanolayer of Monocrystalline Si Towards Nanodosimetry of Electron Radiation},
	isbn = {978-3-031-96538-8},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-96538-8_22},
	abstract = {Nanodosimetry aims to measure the ionizing radiation dose absorbed in nanosized volumes. For that, photothermostimulated exoelectron emission ({PTSE}) of monocrystalline silicon (Si) nanolayer might be used to detect weak electrons, because their mean free path in the solid is around 100 nm. The current work aims to explore the possibility of using monocrystalline Si for nanodosimetry of high energy electron radiation. It is demonstrated that the {PTSE} of monocrystalline Si can be used for the identification of 6 {MeV} electron radiation doses 35–60 Gy. The total emitted charge of {PTSE} is connected with the delivered dose. The near-threshold photoelectric emission spectroscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy ({FTIR}) indicate that {PTSE} is influenced by radiation-induced reconstructions.},
	pages = {267--277},
	booktitle = {Joint 20th Nordic-Baltic Conference on Biomedical Engineering \& 24th Polish Conference on Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering},
	publisher = {Springer Nature Switzerland},
	author = {Boka, Gaļina and Dekhtyar, Yuri and Rocca, Mirko and Skrebele, Elizabete and Sorokins, Hermanis},
	editor = {Ladyzynski, Piotr and Pijanowska, Dorota G. and Liebert, Adam},
	date = {2025},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {Exoelectron emission, High energy electron radiation, Monocrystalline silicon, Nanodosimetry, scientific-publication},
}

@article{cieszykowskaScandium47RadionuclidePrecursor2026,
	title = {Scandium-47 as a radionuclide precursor: Feasibility of production in a 47Ca/47Sc generator-like system},
	volume = {152-153},
	issn = {0969-8051},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969805125006043},
	doi = {10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2025.109595},
	shorttitle = {Scandium-47 as a radionuclide precursor},
	abstract = {Background
Scandium-47 (47Sc), a medium-energy β− emitter with a half-life of 3.35 days and associated γ emission (159 {keV}, 68.1 \%), is an attractive radionuclide for targeted radionuclide therapy and theranostics. Production of 47Sc via neutron irradiation of enriched 46Ca targets through the 46Ca(n,γ)47Ca → 47Sc decay pathway offers advantages such as thermal neutron utilisation and minimised contaminant co-production. Efficient separation and repeated recovery of 47Sc in a quasi-generator system are crucial for enabling its medical application.
Results
Neutron irradiations of calcium carbonate targets 46Ca-enriched (5.2 \% and 10.5 \%) at the Maria research reactor yielded up to 5.18 {GBq} 47Sc and 5.60 {GBq} 47Ca at the end of bombardment. Separation of 47Sc from 47Ca was performed using {DGA} resin with recovery efficiencies of 81–97 \% for 47Sc and 98–99 \% for 47Ca in up to five consecutive elutions within 18 days. Radiochemical purity of eluted [47Sc]{ScCl}3 exceeded 95 \% in initial separations. Radiolabelling studies with {DOTA}-{TATE} demonstrated effective molar activities up to 20 {MBq}/nmol and radiochemical purities {\textgreater}98 \%. Stability tests confirmed that the [47Sc]{ScCl}3 eluate remained suitable for radiolabelling for the entire testing period of up to 4 days post-elution. Trace metal analysis showed predominantly low contamination levels, with sporadic impurities attributed to handling conditions.
Conclusions
The 47Ca/47Sc quasi-generator system based on neutron irradiation of enriched 46Ca targets offers a reliable source of high-quality 47Sc for radiopharmaceutical applications. Multiple elutions from a single target enable sustained production of 47Sc with excellent radionuclidic and radiochemical purity. These results support further development of 47Sc as a theranostic radionuclide for larger-scale production. A preliminary specification for 47Sc as a radionuclide precursor was proposed following the European Pharmacopoeia guidelines, providing a groundwork for future standardisation.},
	pages = {109595},
	journaltitle = {Nuclear Medicine and Biology},
	shortjournal = {Nuclear Medicine and Biology},
	eprinttype = {pubmed},
	eprint = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41391246/},
	author = {Cieszykowska, Izabela and Żółtowska, Małgorzata and Pawlak, Dariusz and Sochaczewski, Łukasz and Tymiński, Zbigniew and Marganiec-Gałązka, Justyna and Mikołajczak, Renata},
	urldate = {2026-01-30},
	date = {2026-01-01},
	keywords = {Calcium-46, {DGA} resin, Quality assessment, Radionuclide generator, Radionuclide precursor, Scandium-47, scientific-publication},
}

@article{tyminskiGammaraySpectrometryMeasurements2026,
	title = {Gamma-ray spectrometry measurements for quality assessment of scandium-47 produced by neutron irradiation of calcium-46},
	volume = {229},
	issn = {0969-8043},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969804325007535},
	doi = {10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.112408},
	abstract = {Scandium-47 can be produced indirectly via the 46Ca(n,γ)47Ca→47Sc nuclear reaction by neutron irradiation of calcium targets, either natural or, preferably, enriched in calcium-46. Two target materials differing in the enrichment in calcium-46 and the elemental and isotopic composition were irradiated in the {MARIA} research reactor. Radioactive concentration of scandium-47 and the radionuclidic purity of the solution obtained after irradiated target dissolution were assessed by gamma-spectrometry using a high-purity germanium ({HPGe}) detector in the Laboratory of Radioactivity Standards in the Radioisotope Centre {POLATOM}, {NCBJ}. The radioactive concentration of scandium-47 was in the range of 0.20–1.48 {GBq}/{mL}, and the content of calcium-47 was determined at the level ranging from 0.006 \% to 0.055 \% of scandium-47 in the final products. The profile of radionuclide impurities and their minimum detectable activities are discussed.},
	pages = {112408},
	journaltitle = {Applied Radiation and Isotopes},
	shortjournal = {Applied Radiation and Isotopes},
	eprinttype = {pubmed},
	eprint = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41494435/},
	author = {Tymiński, Zbigniew and Saganowski, Paweł and Żółtowska, Małgorzata and Cieszykowska, Izabela and Kołakowska, Ewa and Marganiec-Gałązka, Justyna and Lisowska, Natalia and Kamiński, Aleksander and Czudek, Marek and Cacko, Daniel and Broda, Ryszard},
	urldate = {2026-01-30},
	date = {2026-03-01},
	keywords = {Gamma-ray spectrometry, Quality assessment, Radionuclidic purity, Radiopharmaceuticals, Scandium-47, scientific-publication},
}

@article{berckmansLeadRadionuclidesTheranostic2026,
	title = {Lead radionuclides for theranostic applications in nuclear medicine: from atom to bedside},
	volume = {16},
	issn = {1838-7640},
	url = {https://www.thno.org/v16p2887.htm},
	doi = {10.7150/thno.126086},
	shorttitle = {Lead radionuclides for theranostic applications in nuclear medicine},
	pages = {2887--2917},
	number = {6},
	journaltitle = {Theranostics},
	publisher = {Ivyspring International Publisher},
	author = {Berckmans, Yani and Kleynhans, Janke and Van Mechelen, Sara and Goffin, Karolien and Baete, Kristof and Koole, Michel and Coosemans, An and Cocolios, Thomas Elias and Deroose, Christophe M. and Seimbille, Yann and Cleeren, Frederik},
	urldate = {2025-12-19},
	date = {2026-01-01},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {scientific-publication},
}

@article{liukaityteCombinationPSMATargeting2025,
	title = {Combination of {PSMA} targeting alpha-emitting radioligand [212Pb]Pb-{AB}001 with {BET} bromodomain inhibitors in in vitro prostate cancer models},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {1559-131X},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12032-025-02925-9},
	doi = {10.1007/s12032-025-02925-9},
	abstract = {The alpha-emitting radioligand [212Pb]Pb-{AB}001, targeting prostate-specific membrane antigen ({PSMA}), is a promising therapy approach for prostate cancer. Bromodomain and extra-terminal ({BET}) protein inhibitors, such as {AZD}5153 and {JQ}1, disrupt oncogenic transcriptional programs by altering chromatin structure. This study evaluated whether {BET} inhibition enhances the efficacy of radioligand therapy. Cytotoxic effects of [212Pb]Pb-{AB}001 alone and in combination with {BET} inhibitors were assessed in 2D monolayers and a 3D spheroid model of {PSMA}-positive C4-2 prostate cancer cells. Cell viability, cell cycle alterations, and {DNA} damage were assessed using viability assays and flow cytometry. Spheroid growth and viability were assessed by fluorescence microscopy. {AZD}5153 was more potent than {JQ}1 in reducing cell proliferation. [212Pb]Pb-{AB}001 induced activity- and time-dependent cytotoxicity with a delayed apoptotic response. {BET} inhibitors induced G1 arrest, while [212Pb]Pb-{AB}001 caused G2 arrest. Combination treatment reduced cell viability in an additive manner but did not further affect cell cycle distribution or increase apoptosis compared with [212Pb]Pb-{AB}001 alone. γH2AX staining in 2D models showed an activity- and time-dependent increase in {DNA} damage at 1, 3 and 6 days post-treatment with [212Pb]Pb-{AB}001. {BET} inhibitors alone induced minimal γH2AX, and combination treatments did not enhance {DNA} damage beyond [212Pb]Pb-{AB}001 alone. In 3D spheroids, combination treatment led to synergistic growth suppression. In conclusion, these findings indicate that therapeutic inhibition of {BET} bromodomain in combination with the alpha-emitting radioligand [212Pb]Pb-{AB}001 could significantly enhance tumour control and should be further evaluated in metastatic prostate cancer models.},
	pages = {362},
	number = {8},
	journaltitle = {Medical Oncology},
	shortjournal = {Med Oncol},
	author = {Liukaityte, Rugile and Stenberg, Vilde Yuli and Kleinauskas, Andrius and Juzenas, Petras and Urbanucci, Alfonso and Juzeniene, Asta},
	urldate = {2026-01-30},
	date = {2025-07-22},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {Bromodomain and extra-terminal proteins, Cell cycle, Combination treatment, Targeted alpha therapy, Targeted radionuclide therapy, scientific-publication},
}

@article{kristiansenRadiobiologicalInvestigations212PbPbcarbonic2026,
	title = {Radiobiological investigations of a [212Pb]Pb-carbonic anhydrase {IX}-targeting small-molecule ligand in renal cell carcinoma and colorectal cancer models},
	volume = {102},
	issn = {0955-3002},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/09553002.2025.2595630},
	doi = {10.1080/09553002.2025.2595630},
	abstract = {Carbonic anhydrase {IX} ({CAIX}), overexpressed in multiple cancers but limited in normal tissue, is a promising target for radionuclide therapy. This study evaluates [212Pb]Pb-{MKV}-509, a novel {DOTA}-conjugated small-molecule ligand, for {CAIX}-targeted alpha therapy in preclinical renal carcinoma ({SK}-{RC}-52) and colorectal ({HT}-29) cancer models. [212Pb]Pb-{MKV}-509 was assessed for radiochemical purity and stability. Binding assays determined receptor density and dissociation constants. Clonogenic survival, flow cytometry (viability, {DNA} damage, cell cycle), and spheroid assays (cross-sectional area, doubling time) evaluated biological responses. An in vivo biodistribution study was performed in {SK}-{RC}-52 xenograft-bearing mice, with and without carbonic anhydrase pre-blocking using acetazolamide. [212Pb]Pb-{MKV}-509 exhibited high radiochemical purity ({\textgreater}96\%) and stability for up to 48 h. Specific binding was higher in {SK}-{RC}-52 than in {HT}-29 cells. Treatment induced activity-dependent clonogenic inhibition, G2/M arrest, and {DNA} damage, with greater sensitivity observed in {SK}-{RC}-52 cells. Clonogenic survival was reduced by 50\% at 3.4 {kBq}/{mL} ({SK}-{RC}-52) and 7.1 {kBq}/{mL} ({HT}-29). In spheroid models, 2.5–5.0 {kBq}/{mL} delayed growth and prolonged doubling time, indicating cross-fire effects. The biodistribution study revealed significant tumor uptake (4.7\%{IA}/g at 2 h), along with high gastrointestinal accumulation. Pretreatment with acetazolamide partially reduced uptake in the stomach and intestines as well as in the tumor. These findings highlight the potential of {CAIX}-targeted alpha therapy. {CAIX} expression and receptor density impact binding affinity and therapeutic response. The study demonstrates the importance of 3D tumor models in evaluating alpha-particle cross-fire effects. Further ligand optimization is warranted to enhance tumor specificity and minimize off-target uptake.},
	pages = {127--137},
	number = {2},
	journaltitle = {International Journal of Radiation Biology},
	publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
	eprinttype = {pubmed},
	eprint = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41481374/},
	author = {Kristiansen, Sandra K. and Shubin, Kirill and Zubrienė, Asta and Matulis, Daumantas and Dernjani, Nurtene and Juzenas, Petras and Bruland, Øyvind S. and Juzeniene, Asta},
	urldate = {2026-01-30},
	date = {2026-02-01},
	note = {\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/09553002.2025.2595630},
	keywords = {Carbonic anhydrase {IX}, hypoxia, lead-212, radiobiology, scientific-publication, targeted alpha-therapy},
}

@article{mamisScandiumThermalRelease2024,
	title = {Scandium thermal release from activated nat{\textless}math{\textgreater}{\textless}msup is="true"{\textgreater}{\textless}mrow is="true"{\textgreater}{\textless}/mrow{\textgreater}{\textless}mrow is="true"{\textgreater}{\textless}mi is="true"{\textgreater}n{\textless}/mi{\textgreater}{\textless}mi is="true"{\textgreater}a{\textless}/mi{\textgreater}{\textless}mi is="true"{\textgreater}t{\textless}/mi{\textgreater}{\textless}/mrow{\textgreater}{\textless}/msup{\textgreater}{\textless}/math{\textgreater}Ti and nat{\textless}math{\textgreater}{\textless}msup is="true"{\textgreater}{\textless}mrow is="true"{\textgreater}{\textless}/mrow{\textgreater}{\textless}mrow is="true"{\textgreater}{\textless}mi is="true"{\textgreater}n{\textless}/mi{\textgreater}{\textless}mi is="true"{\textgreater}a{\textless}/mi{\textgreater}{\textless}mi is="true"{\textgreater}t{\textless}/mi{\textgreater}{\textless}/mrow{\textgreater}{\textless}/msup{\textgreater}{\textless}/math{\textgreater}V target materials in mixed particle fields: Investigation of parameters relevant for isotope mass separation},
	volume = {553},
	issn = {0168-583X},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168583X24001708},
	doi = {10.1016/j.nimb.2024.165400},
	shorttitle = {Scandium thermal release from activated nat{\textless}math{\textgreater}{\textless}msup is="true"{\textgreater}{\textless}mrow is="true"{\textgreater}{\textless}/mrow{\textgreater}{\textless}mrow is="true"{\textgreater}{\textless}mi is="true"{\textgreater}n{\textless}/mi{\textgreater}{\textless}mi is="true"{\textgreater}a{\textless}/mi{\textgreater}{\textless}mi is="true"{\textgreater}t{\textless}/mi{\textgreater}{\textless}/mrow{\textgreater}{\textless}/msup{\textgreater}{\textless}/math{\textgreater}Ti and nat{\textless}math{\textgreater}{\textless}msup is="true"{\textgreater}{\textless}mrow is="true"{\textgreater}{\textless}/mrow{\textgreater}{\textless}mrow is="true"{\textgreater}{\textless}mi is="true"{\textgreater}n{\textless}/mi{\textgreater}{\textless}mi is="true"{\textgreater}a{\textless}/mi{\textgreater}{\textless}mi is="true"{\textgreater}t{\textless}/mi{\textgreater}{\textless}/mrow{\textgreater}{\textless}/msup{\textgreater}{\textless}/math{\textgreater}V target materials in mixed particle fields},
	abstract = {Scandium (Sc) has gained significant interest in nuclear medicine due to its 43Sc, 44g/{mSc}, and 47Sc radioactive isotopes being suitable for cancer diagnostics and therapy, offering a promising avenue for theranostics. Various production methods, including irradiation of enriched or naturally abundant calcium (Ca), titanium (Ti), and vanadium (V) materials with different particle beams, have been investigated to produce 43Sc, 44g/{mSc}, and 47Sc. However, challenges persist in achieving high molar activity and radiochemical purity for medical applications. The physical isotope mass separation technique presents an alternative, obviating the need for enriched target materials by inherently isolating Sc isotopes during the separation process. Despite recent advancements in Sc mass separation at different facilities, efficiency and yield remain sub-optimal for medical dose production. This study aims to systematically investigate the thermal release kinetics of Sc radionuclides from activated natural titanium foils in tantalum (Ta) environments of {ISOL} (Isotope Separation On-Line) target units. By elucidating the combination of target material structure and temperature conditions, enhanced release parameters were identified. Maximum Sc release from a non-embossed {natTi} foil samples was achieved at 1200 °C, for embossed {natTi} foil samples at 1450 °C and for {natV} foil samples at 1600 °C, within an hour of reaching the set temperature. These findings offer insights into optimizing the mass separation process to improve the efficiency in Sc radionuclide production for medical applications.},
	pages = {165400},
	journaltitle = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms},
	shortjournal = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms},
	author = {Mamis, E. and Kalnina, P. and Duchemin, C. and Lambert, L. and Conan, N. and Deschamps, M. and Dorsival, A. and Froeschl, R. and Ruiz, F. Ogallar and Theis, C. and Vincke, H. and Crepieux, B. and Rothe, S. and Pajuste, E. and Stora, T.},
	urldate = {2026-01-30},
	date = {2024-08-01},
	keywords = {Diffusion, Mass separation, Sc radionuclides, Thermal release, Ti and V target materials, scientific-publication},
}

@thesis{wojtaczkaEfficientTerbiumExtraction2025,
	title = {Towards efficient terbium extraction: molecular beams of {TbFx} for {ISOL} and nuclear medicine},
	url = {https://zenodo.org/records/18086803},
	doi = {10.5281/zenodo.18086803},
	shorttitle = {Towards efficient terbium extraction},
	abstract = {The production of radioactive ion beams ({RIBs}) of terbium (Tb) is of growing interest for both fundamental nuclear-physics studies and nuclear-medicine applications. Four of its radioisotopes, Tb-149, Tb-152, Tb-155 and Tb-161, show particular promise for molecular imagining and targeted cancer therapies, enabling a true theragnostic approach. However, the production of these isotopes, aside from reactor-produced Tb-161, remains challenging, with current methods unable to meet the demands of sustained preclinical research. Among existing methods, the Isotope Separation On-Line ({ISOL}) technique is currently the only one capable of producing samples of Tb-149, Tb-152 and Tb-155 with high enough radioisotopic purity for development of terbium-based radiopharmaceuticals.

The direct extraction of terbium from irradiated tantalum targets at {ISOL} facilities is hindered by terbium’s low volatility and strong surface adsorption to tantalum. These properties render it "sticky" and lead to poor extraction efficiencies. Consequently, current approaches rely on indirect production routes, such as the extraction of laser ionised precursor dysprosium (Dy), limiting the fundamental research on exotic terbium isotopes and the translation of protocols for offline mass separation. 

This thesis addresses the bottleneck in terbium production by exploring molecular extraction of‘ terbium as a strategy to enhance its volatility and production efficiency. The development of isotope extraction via molecular sidebands offers a promising pathway to access non-volatile elements, such as terbium, that are otherwise difficult to extract directly from the target. Building on the advances in molecular extraction of actinides, in this work terbium fluoride behaviour is systematically investigated using a combination of online and offline studies. A series of experiments were conducted at five different mass separators at {CERN} associated with the {CERN}-{ISOLDE} facility, including {CERN}-{MEDICIS}. The initial investigation was performed using stable compounds at {ISOLDE}’s offline facilities under simulated {ISOL} conditions to establish the behaviour of the molecules in the extreme conditions of the {ISOL} method. Subsequent experiments using irradiated tantalum targets and {FEBIAD}-type ion sources, with {CF}4 injection to promote fluoride formation, examined terbium release as a function of different experimental parameters. The ion beams were analysed using Multi Reflection Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry ({MR}-{ToF} {MS}), supported by gamma and alpha spectrometry.

This thesis demonstrates the feasibility of extracting terbium as its molecular sidebands, providing insights into best operating conditions and underlying physical mechanisms. It also highlights the limitations of this method and other current production routes. Moreover, it offers a benchmark for extending molecular extraction to other lanthanides of interest. The findings not only enhance our understanding of terbium and terbium fluoride chemistry in extreme {ISOL} conditions but also provides a pathway for future work. Aside from answers, this thesis also raises questions on what’s the best way forward.

The future of large-scale terbium isotope production lies in the optimisation of extraction techniques which can be applied at emerging facilities such as {ISOL}@{MYRRHA} and {TATTOOS}@{PSI}. The presented work is a part of ongoing effort to optimise production of terbium radionuclides for clinical and preclinical applications, necessary for advancements in nuclear medicine.},
	type = {phdthesis},
	author = {Wojtaczka, Wiktoria},
	urldate = {2026-01-05},
	date = {2025-09-01},
	keywords = {ion sources, radioactive ion beams, radioactive molecules, thesis},
}

@thesis{johnsonIsotopeSeparationAc2252024,
	title = {Isotope separation of Ac-225 and Ra-225 for medical purposes},
	url = {https://zenodo.org/records/18086727},
	doi = {10.5281/zenodo.18086727},
	abstract = {At the time of writing, global efforts are underway to produce the medical radionuclide Ac-225 from high-energy accelerator-based methods to support the growing demand for targeted alpha therapy drugs. Almost all known approaches rely on radiochemical separation of Ac-225 and its beta-decay parent Ra-225 from metallic Th-232 targets irradiated with protons. Although the method is efficient, the Ac-225 produced by this method contains the isotopic contaminant Ac-227 that could preclude safe handling in clinical environments. Furthermore, radiochemical extraction of Ac-225 necessarily requires the dissolution of the Th target and produces high levels of liquid radioactive waste. In this thesis, studies on the extraction of Ac-225 and its beta-decay parent Ra-225 as mass-separated ion beams from proton-irradiated thick {ThCx} targets are presented. This technique allows the nuclear targets to be used multiple times, and importantly is the only current potential purification method with isotope selectivity. As a results of these studies, clinically-relevant quantities of pure Ac-225 have been produced at {CERN}-{MEDICIS} from 100 g {ThCx} targets irradiated with 1.4 {GeV} protons for the order of 1 d. Several experiments were performed to understand the conditions necessary for the beam production, and to characterize the produced samples. Firstly, the Ac-225 ionization efficiency with surface ionization and a dual resonance laser ionization scheme was determined to be an encouraging 15\%. During these tests, the temperature regime required for Ac to reach a vapor pressure sufficient to form ion beams at picoamp currents when heated from its nitrate salt were determined. The experiment was repeated for Ac-225 heated and dried on a mimic {ThO}2 matrix, that enabled the understanding that chemical interactions between Ac-225 and the {ThO}2 target material meant that higher, but still attainable target temperatures were required for efficient Ac-225 extraction. Extensive nuclear decay spectrometry campaigns were then performed on several mass-separated Ac-225 samples produced from both mimic target material spiked with Ac-225 and Ac-227 radiotracers, as well as development- and production-scale irradiated Th-based targets. A spectrometry technique was developed specifically for the detection of trace Ac-227 activity that could not be measured by standard nuclear-decay spectrometry techniques. Using this technique, the Ac-227-content of Ac-225 samples was quantified. Finally, through analysis of four production-scale {ThCx} irradiations, extraction efficiencies and extraction rates of both Ac-225 and Ra-225 ion beams have been determined. The optimum range of target temperatures and ion source temperatures required for efficient collection of ion beams of these radionuclides have been quantified through these studies. The interpretation of the results has led to the conclusion that most Ac-225 is produced due to decay filiation by R-225a, while the extraction efficiency of Ac-225 is release limited. The thesis discusses these results in the context of the contribution of Ac-225 and Ra-225 produced by mass-separation techniques to the potential future Ac-225 supply for medical applications.},
	type = {phdthesis},
	author = {Johnson, Jake},
	urldate = {2026-01-05},
	date = {2024-11-18},
	keywords = {ion sources, radioactive ion beams, thesis},
}

@thesis{bouteculetCible155GdAu2025,
	title = {De la cible de ¹⁵⁵Gd au ¹⁵⁵Tb, un radionucléide pour la santé},
	url = {https://theses.hal.science/tel-05299673},
	abstract = {The need for new medical radionuclides continues to grow as treatments become more personalised. The diversity of their decay modes and the variety of their half-lives make them valuable tools for both medical imaging and therapy. An important criterion for their development is the possibility of producing them in sufficient quantities with a high degree of chemical purity (optimisation of chelation chemistry and isotope delivery to target organs) and isotopic purity (minimisation of unnecessary radiation emitted by the radiopharmaceutical). This work has enabled us to propose an alternative method, based on the isotopic separation of a stable precursor of the radionuclide of interest, Terbium-155, with a view to its production by proton irradiation. A number of experiments were carried out, enabling us for the first time to measure the effective production cross-sections of ¹⁵⁵Tb and its contaminants, ¹⁵³Tb, ¹⁵⁴Tb, and ¹⁵⁶Tb, over an energy range compatible with that accessible with most medical cyclotrons. We have thus been able to propose some of the production parameters that will enable us to find the best compromise between a high production rate and a ¹⁵⁵Tb purity compatible with medical needs. The work is carried out within a collaboration that explores the entire production process, from the stable precursor of the radionuclide to the design of a ¹⁵⁵Tb radio-labelled molecule. In addition, comparisons with two theoretical models, {TALYS} and {EMPIRE}, have shown the need to complete the nuclear databases, at least for the production of ¹⁵⁴Tb and ¹⁵⁶Tb, in order to make them more predictive.},
	institution = {Université Paris-Saclay},
	type = {phdthesis},
	author = {Bouteculet, Morgane},
	urldate = {2025-12-18},
	date = {2025-09},
	note = {Issue: 2025UPASP064},
	keywords = {Activation par protons, Nuclear physics, Physics for health, Physique nucléaire, Physique pour la santé, Production de radioisotopes, Proton activation, Radioisotope production, Theragnostics, Théranostique, user-project-thesis, ¹⁵⁵Tb},
}

@thesis{nguessanDeveloppementDunAgent2025,
	title = {Développement d'un agent théranostique ciblant la mésothéline},
	url = {https://theses.fr/s417048},
	abstract = {En médecine nucléaire, le théranostic repose sur l'utilisation d'un agent radiopharmaceutique unique pouvant être couplé à différents isotopes radioactifs, permettant d'effectuer soit un diagnostic précis par imagerie médicale soit un traitement ciblé par radiothérapie interne vectorisée. Ce principe a notamment été illustré en clinique avec l'autorisation du Lutathera pour le traitement des tumeurs neuroendocrines. C'est dans ce contexte que s'inscrit cette thèse, avec comme objectif le développement d'un nouvel agent théranostique ciblant spécifiquement la mésothéline. Il s'agit d'une protéine membranaire fortement surexprimée dans divers cancers agressifs, tels que les carcinomes pancréatiques, ovariens ou encore le cancer du sein triple négatif, tout en étant faiblement exprimée dans les tissus sains, ce qui en fait une cible particulièrement attractive pour des thérapies ciblées. Initialement, le laboratoire {LRB} {UMRS}\_1039 avait développé l'anticorps à domaine unique ({sdAb}, ou nanobody) appelé A1-his, radiomarqué au technétium-99m (99mTc-A1-his) et l'avait validé en préclinique pour l'imagerie des tumeurs par imagerie {SPECT}. L'objectif principal de ce projet de thèse est de poursuivre le développement du {sdAb} A1-his, afin d'en obtenir un dérivé dédié à une application théranostique. Ainsi, par ingénierie moléculaire, quatre mutants d'A1 ont été générés ne conservant qu'une seule de leurs quatre lysines, permettant une conjugaison site-spécifique précise sur cette unique lysine avec le chélate {DOTA}. Ces mutants ont été produits en système bactérien puis purifiés avant d'être évalués. L'évaluation comprenait la mesure de leur affinité envers la mésothéline, leur rendement de conjugaison au {DOTA} ainsi que leur pureté radiochimique et stabilité après radiomarquage au Gallium-68 (68Ga). De plus, l'ensemble de ces mutants ont été évalué in vivo par imagerie {PET} chez des souris porteuses de tumeurs du sein triple négatif {HCC}70. Parmi ces candidats, le {sdAb} 68Ga-{DOTA}-A1K2-his a été retenu comme le meilleur candidat. Il présente en particulier le meilleur profil de biodistribution. Afin de réduire sa recapture rénale, caractéristique des {sdAbs} et non spécifique, deux stratégies complémentaires ont été mises en œuvre avec succès : le clivage de l'étiquette histidine via l'utilisation de la {TEV} protease, ainsi que la co-injection avec la gélofusine, un agent reconnu pour inhiber la recapture rénale des {sdAb}. Après avoir validé ces stratégies, l'efficacité thérapeutique de {DOTA}-A1K2 a pu être évaluée sur des modèles tumoraux de souris porteuses de tumeurs {MDA}-{MB}-231 surexprimant la mésothéline. Deux isotopes émetteurs de rayonnement β- adaptés à la radiothérapie interne vectorisée ont été sélectionnés pour cette étude : le Lutétium-177 (177Lu), couramment utilisé en clinique, et le Terbium-161 (161Tb), un radioisotope innovant, caractérisé par des propriétés radiophysiques proche de celle du 177Lu, mais ayant une supériorité potentielle sur celui-ci de par l'émission additionnelle d'électrons Auger susceptible d'améliorer l'efficacité thérapeutique. Les résultats obtenus ont montré une réduction significative du volume tumoral associée à une bonne tolérabilité du traitement, confirmant l'intérêt thérapeutique de 177Lu-{DOTA}-A1K2 ou 161Tb-{DOTA}-A1K2, sans cependant permettre de conclure la supériorité de l'un sur l'autre. En conclusion, les travaux réalisés au cours de cette thèse démontrent la pertinence et l'efficacité d'un {sdAb} conjugué de manière site-spécifique au {DOTA}, et radiomarqué avec les couples isotopiques 68Ga/177Lu ou 68Ga/161Tb. Ces résultats ouvrent des perspectives prometteuses pour le développement d'un agent radiopharmaceutique théranostique innovant, optimisé pour une application clinique en médecine nucléaire, dans le traitement personnalisé des cancers mésothéline-positifs.},
	institution = {Université Grenoble Alpes},
	type = {phdthesis},
	author = {Nguessan, Emilien},
	urldate = {2025-12-18},
	date = {2025-06-24},
	langid = {french},
	keywords = {user-project-thesis},
}

@thesis{leenhardtSynthesisRadiolabelingStudies2024,
	location = {Université Grenoble Alpes},
	title = {Synthesis and radiolabeling studies with 68Ga, 99mTc, 177Lu and 161Tb of new oxine-derived chelating agents for theranostics application},
	url = {https://theses.fr/2024GRALS009},
	type = {phdthesis},
	author = {Leenhardt, Julien},
	date = {2024-10-04},
	keywords = {user-project-thesis},
}

@thesis{dedominicisStudyProtoninducedProduction2024,
	title = {Study of the proton-induced production of the theranostic radionuclide 47Sc},
	url = {https://hdl.handle.net/11577/3512959},
	institution = {University of Padova},
	type = {phdthesis},
	author = {De Dominicis, Lucia},
	date = {2024-04-18},
	keywords = {thesis},
}

@thesis{keppensInvestigating225AcProduction2024,
	location = {Leuven, {BE}},
	title = {Investigating 225Ac Production at {CERN}-{MEDICIS}: Extraction Yield Estimation and Sample Purity},
	url = {https://cds.cern.ch/record/2910109/files/CERN-THESIS-2024-149.pdf},
	institution = {{KU} Leuven},
	type = {phdthesis},
	author = {Keppens, Max},
	date = {2024-09-14},
	keywords = {thesis},
}

@thesis{wangDevelopmentEnrichedGadolinium2022,
	title = {Development of enriched gadolinium target for cross section measurement and future production of terbium for nuclear medicine},
	url = {https://theses.hal.science/tel-04047001},
	abstract = {Radionuclides of terbium have attracted much attention for their potential applications in nuclear medicine. However, the short supply of terbium isotopes has limited their applications. This work proposes to use enriched gadolinium targets to produce terbium radioisotopes in biomedical cyclotrons via light-particle-induced reactions. The Auger and gamma emitter 155Tb is taken as a study case using the reaction 155Gd(d,2n)155Tb. To estimate the production yield, thin Gd- containing targets have been firstly developped to measure the cross sections. To this end, the co-electrodeposition method has been chosen to manufacture Ni-Gd2O3 composite targets. Several process parameters that have an impact on deposit quality are stutied to increase the Gd content (up to 3 mg in the deposit). The cross section measurement of {natGd}(d,2n)Tb, as a proof-of-conception experiment, has been carried out at {GIP} {ARRONAX} cyclotron facility using natural Ni-Gd2O3 targets. The production yield is estimated using these results. Thick targets have also been developped via pelletizing method for mass production. The optimal experimental conditions and pellet properties under these conditions have been investigated. An enriched 155Gd2O3 target was irradiated with an incident energy of 15 {MeV}. The production yield of 155Tb was found to be 10 {MBq}/μAh and the purity was 89\%, which are consistent with the estimation. The coproduction of other Tb isotopes and the recycle of Gd are also involved in this thesis.},
	institution = {Nantes Université},
	type = {phdthesis},
	author = {Wang, Yizheng},
	urldate = {2025-10-03},
	date = {2022-12-06},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {thesis},
}

@thesis{kamalakannanDevelopmentTimeofflightMass2023,
	title = {Development of a time-of-flight mass spectrometer with a laser desorption-ionization ion source for {SMILES} (Séparation en Masse couplée à l’Ionisation Laser pour des applications Environnementales et en Santé) project},
	url = {https://theses.hal.science/tel-05293795},
	abstract = {The {SMILES} (Séparation en Masse couplée à l’Ionisation Laser pour des applications Environnementales et en Santé) mass separator is currently in development at the {SUBATECH} laboratory. It aims to analyze isotopes for environmental and medical purposes, using laser ionization. Two types of mass separators will be built: one with a dipole magnet and a hot cavity ion source, and the other, a Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer ({TOF}-{MS}) with a laser desorption- ionization ({LDI}) source. This thesis focuses on developing a {TOF}-{MS}, mainly for analyzing environmental contaminants. {TOF}-{MS} differentiates elements based on their time of flight, proportional to √��/�� ratio. A {TOF}-reflectron ({TOF}-R) will be developed for the {SMILES} project, with a linear {TOF} ({TOF}-L) serving as a pilot prototype. {SIMION} software assists in studying ion trajectories in electric and magnetic fields during the design process.},
	institution = {Nantes Université},
	type = {phdthesis},
	author = {Kamalakannan, Keerthana},
	urldate = {2025-10-09},
	date = {2023-12-12},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {thesis},
}

@thesis{serafiniAg111RadiopharmaceuticalDevelopment2025,
	title = {Ag-111 radiopharmaceutical development in the context of the {ISOLPHARM} project: from radionuclides production to preclinical studies},
	url = {https://zenodo.org/records/18093541},
	doi = {10.5281/zenodo.18093541},
	shorttitle = {Ag-111 radiopharmaceutical development in the context of the {ISOLPHARM} project},
	abstract = {Ag-111 is a radionuclide with promising features for nuclear medicine, particularly as a precursor for theranostic radiopharmaceuticals intended for Targeted Radionuclide Therapy. Preclinical studies, which are essential to assess the suitability of a radiopharmaceutical for its intended clinical application, are being conducted within the framework of the {ISOLPHARM} project. This project involves a wide collaboration of institutes and researchers, coordinated by the National Laboratories of Legnaro of the National Institute for Nuclear Physics ({INFN}-{LNL}). At this site, the {SPES} facility will host the production of Ag-111 via the {ISOL} technique. Thanks to a resonant ionisation laser ion source and a mass separation stage, the produced radionuclides can be collected with high specific activity. The work described in this thesis contributed to the development and installation of the experimental setup for the collection of the radionuclide. In parallel with the production activities, preclinical studies on Ag-111 were also carried out. To support these studies, two custom imaging devices were designed and built: one is sensitive to beta radiation and the other one to gamma radiation. These instruments were specifically tailored to the decay characteristics of Ag-111, to fully exploit its imaging potential. Their development was further supported by the creation of corresponding digital twins using the Geant4 simulation toolkit.},
	type = {phdthesis},
	author = {Serafini, Davide},
	urldate = {2026-01-05},
	date = {2025-12-22},
	keywords = {Geant4, {ISOL}, {ISOLPHARM}, Laser photo-ionization, Monte Carlo simulation, imaging, nuclear medicine, radiopharmaceutical, targeted radionuclide therapy, thesis},
}

@thesis{mamisScandiumRadionuclideProduction2024,
	title = {Scandium radionuclide production and mass separation at {CERN}-{MEDICIS}},
	url = {https://zenodo.org/records/18151897},
	doi = {10.5281/zenodo.18151897},
	abstract = {In this thesis the metallic foil \${\textasciicircum}\{nat\}\$Ti, \${\textasciicircum}\{nat\}\$V and micrometric powder \${\textasciicircum}\{nat\}\${TiC} target materials were investigated and used for medically applicable \${\textasciicircum}\{43\}\$Sc, \${\textasciicircum}\{44g/m\}\$Sc and \${\textasciicircum}\{47\}\$Sc radionuclide production and mass separation at The European Organization for Nuclear Research ({CERN})-Medical Isotopes Collected from {ISOLDE} ({MEDICIS}). Theoretical activity yields of Sc radionuclide production in Isotope Separation {OnLine} ({ISOL}) and cyclotron thick targets were estimated with Monte-Carlo codes and experimental cross sections.

Thermal Sc radionuclide release from irradiated metallic \${\textasciicircum}\{nat\}\$Ti and \${\textasciicircum}\{nat\}\$V foils was investigated to determine the impact of diffusion and adsorption processes during the mass separation and collection of radionuclides. Full Sc release from the metallic foil target materials was achieved within an hour at temperature \${\textbackslash}sim\$70-85 \% of their corresponding material melting points. 

Nevertheless, the collected Sc radionuclide activity was low ({\textless}100 {kBq}) even at higher target material temperatures. This led to a large program of target and ion source system ({TISS}) developments reported in this thesis to overcome the limiting factors associated with the gaseous particle interaction with the {ISOL} {TISS} structures. Operation parameters, various configurations and modifications of the {ISOL} {TISS} and their impact on the collection efficiency were investigated.

The aspects of Sc volatilization, molecule formation and release from {ISOL} target and ion source system, as well as atomic and molecular gas species ionization were analyzed. The released Sc radionuclides were mass-separated as atomic and molecular ion beams and collected for subsequent radiochemical purification.Various theoretical models were used to describe the different limiting factors of radionuclide collection efficiency, such as diffusion, molecule formation, desorption, effusion, ionization and radionuclide collection rate.},
	type = {phdthesis},
	author = {Mamis, Edgars},
	urldate = {2026-01-05},
	date = {2024-12-06},
	keywords = {Mass Separation, Molecular Ion Beams, Radiochemistry, Scandium Radionuclides, Target and Ion Source System, Thermal Release, thesis},
}

@thesis{spoormansTumorAbsorbedDoseResponse2025,
	title = {Tumor Absorbed Dose-Response Relationships in Targeted Radionuclide Therapy. A Preclinical Investigation of Lutetium-177 and Terbium-161 Radiolabeled Peptides},
	url = {https://zenodo.org/records/18086931},
	doi = {10.5281/zenodo.18086931},
	abstract = {Neuroendocrine tumors ({NETs}) are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms that originate from cells of the neuroendocrine system. Targeted radionuclide therapy ({TRT}) has become the standard treatment in the management of patients with inoperable or metastasized well-differentiated {NETs} (up to 90\% of symptomatic patients). Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy ({PRRT}) employs an exclusive feature of well-differentiated {NETs} that is the overexpression of somatostatin receptors ({SST}, subtype 2 or 5). This allows for the treatment with somatostatin analogs such as octreotide as well as radiolabeled somatostatin analogs ({SSAs}) such as 90Y-{DOTATOC} and 177Lu-{DOTATATE}. The basic principle of a radiopharmaceutical such as 177-Lu-{DOTATATE} is to chelate a vector molecule ((Tyr3)octreotate), which specifically targets the cancerous tissue, with a radionuclide (L-177u), which emits ionizing radiation, damaging the {DNA} of the cancer cells, thereby killing the cancerous cells, but not the surrounding healthy tissue. As an alternative to Lu-177, the recently introduced radiolanthanide Tb-161 has been proposed for {NET} therapeutic applications. It has a similar half-life (6.89 days) and chemical properties while emitting β- particles (Eβ-av=154 {keV}) for therapeutic purposes and γ-irradiation (Eγ=49 {keV}, I=17.0\%; Eγ=75 {keV}, I=10.2\%) suitable for {SPECT} imaging. Tb-161 also emits a substantial number of low-energy conversion and Auger electrons (≤ 50 {keV}; about 10x higher emission yield than Lu-177), which makes this radionuclide exceptionally interesting for the treatment of disseminated cancers, such as metastasized {NETs}, with multiple metastases ranging from a single cell (diameter: {\textasciitilde}10 μm) to micro cell clusters (diameter: {\textless} 1 mm). Since the very beginning, researchers attempted to understand the radiobiologic effects of external beam radiotherapy ({EBRT}) and how this could be optimized to maximize therapeutic benefit. To correctly evaluate efficacy and safety of therapy modalities and in the framework of individualized treatment, for which prediction of outcome is important, appropriate biological/biophysical models are needed. The probability that a given therapy may eradicate or control the tumor, is indicated by the formalism 'tumor control probability' ({TCP}). Originally, {TCP} models have been developed to predict external beam radiotherapy outcomes, both across populations and on a patient-specific level. {TRT} however is highly different from conventional external beam radiotherapy since it is a form of protracted radiation delivery during which the dose-rate is variable (e.g. due to physical half-life of the radionuclide, its specific activity and vector pharmacokinetics) and the spatial activity distribution is often non-uniform on both cellular and tissue level. Thereby, vectors can be coupled to an abundance of radionuclides that emit beta, alpha or Auger electrons, associated or not with X or gamma rays. Consequently, commonly used assumptions for modeling of {EBRT} dose response cannot be generalized towards {TRT} as well. Despite frequent and successful use of Lu-177-{DOTATATE} in the clinic, little or no radiobiologic considerations are made at the time of treatment planning or delivery, nor is there an abundance of data from preclinical studies. Currently, treatment is usually administered as a standard dose and number of cycles without adjustment for peptide uptake, dosimetry or radiobiological and {DNA} damage effects in the tumor. Moreover, data on the influence of absorbed doses on the response and toxicity of treatment with radiopharmaceuticals, which are actually a prerequisite for evidence-based individualized therapy, are also still lacking. The aim of this {PhD} is to develop a framework for improved modeling of the dose-response, i.e. the tumor control probability, for specific {TRT} scenarios. We will determine the different parameters within the {TCP} model based on extensive experimental data, gained from well designed experimental studies, representing the specific {TRT} exposure characteristics. The radiopharmaceuticals of interest consist of the clinically relevant {DOTATATE} vector, combined with the Lu-177 or Tb-161 radionuclide, tested in well-characterized in vitro and in vivo {NET} models. Due to the fact that Tb-161 emits a higher percentage of internal conversion and Auger electrons, Tb-161-{DOTATATE} is expected to deliver a higher absorbed dose to the bound tumor cell and immediate neighboring cells. We aim with our established {TCP} model to illustrate the expected improved therapeutic efficacy of Tb-161 {DOTATATE} compared to Lu-177 {DOTATATE}.},
	type = {phdthesis},
	author = {Spoormans, Kaat},
	urldate = {2026-01-05},
	date = {2025-11-04},
	keywords = {targeted radionuclide therapy},
}

@thesis{hurierHighIntensitySurface2024,
	title = {High intensity surface ion source towards long-term irradiation for {ISOL}@{MYRRHA}},
	url = {https://zenodo.org/records/18086646},
	doi = {10.5281/zenodo.18086646},
	abstract = {This thesis presents the development and experimental testing of a novel surface ion source for {ISOL}@{MYRRHA} at the Belgian Nuclear Research Centre {SCK} {CEN}. The {MYRRHA} project is an industrial-scale prototype of a subcritical lead-bismuth cooled reactor driven by a linear particle accelerator. Part of the beam coming from the accelerator will be extracted towards an {ISOL} facility, {ISOL}@{MYRRHA}, for radioactive ion beam production. The research focuses on enhancing the efficiency and reliability of ion sources under the unique conditions of this facility, which include a primary beam of 100 {MeV} protons with up to 0.5 {mA} beam intensity driven by a linear particle accelerator.

Due to its simplicity and robustness, a surface ion source was selected for {ISOL}@{MYRRHA} as a first source, with the capability to function as a laser ion source cavity. The thesis explores the surface ionisation principle, examining the interactions at the heated material surface, the formation of plasma sheath potential, and the impact of these phenomena on ionisation efficiency.

The importance and impact of the surface ion source’s heating system were studied: electron-bombardment and Ohmic heating. The former was used during the development of surface ionisation theory and the latter is the typical form used nowadays in {ISOL} facilities. The implications of Ohmic heating on temperature and potential distributions within the ion source are discussed. An active thermal screen concept to mitigate cold spots, identified in Ohmic heating systems, has been developed. This concept, along with its variations for different manufacturing methods – Welded, 3D printed, and Assembled designs – were explored, resulting in a prototype of the Assembled design constructed at {SCK} {CEN}, then successfully tested at {CERN}.

Experimental results from initial tests are detailed, including the prototype’s thermal-electric behaviour and its performance under various operational conditions.

The thesis concludes with insights into the ionisation efficiency of different elements, the impact of ion load and temperature on ion origin, and the prototype’s durability over extended operation and under stress conditions. The findings and their consequences for the understanding of the surface ion source are then summarised. Finally, practical solutions and advancements for the future {ISOL}@{MYRRHA} facility and the development of a next surface ion source are discussed.},
	type = {phdthesis},
	author = {Hurier, Sophie},
	urldate = {2026-01-05},
	date = {2024-10-03},
	keywords = {ion sources, radioactive ion beams, thesis},
}

@article{kosterSustainabilityPlan2025,
	title = {Sustainability plan},
	rights = {Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International},
	url = {https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.18034767},
	doi = {10.5281/ZENODO.18034767},
	abstract = {Sustainability aspects were taken into account from the outset of the {PRISMAP} project, with the overall objective being to establish the European medical radionuclides programme on a long-term. After approximately five years of implementing and developing {PRISMAP}, the European and international landscape, as well as that of nuclear medicine and radiopharmaceuticals, has evolved to a degree that far exceeds the most optimistic forecasts made when {PRISMAP} was first developed. 

In this document, we present the various aspects taken into account in the sustainability of {PRISMAP}, with an important milestone being the submission of a new {PRISMAP}+ project proposal aimed at providing a structure for the period 2026-2029, as a new phase of the European medical radionuclides programme, in order to connect with the evolving landscape of cutting-edge European research in nuclear medicine.},
	publisher = {Zenodo},
	author = {Köster, Ulli and Stora, Thierry},
	urldate = {2025-12-23},
	date = {2025-12-23},
	keywords = {deliverable},
}

@article{ducheminUserProjects2025,
	title = {User projects},
	url = {https://zenodo.org/records/17898315},
	doi = {10.5281/zenodo.17898315},
	abstract = {This document summarises the user projects carried out as part of the {PRISMAP} project.

During its lifetime, the {PRISMAP} project published five calls for proposals. Of the 67 proposals submitted, 47 were selected for funding and 43 were actually carried out until the final report.

This document contains descriptions of the funded projects and some related statistics, a list of scientific publications and other dissemination activities resulting from these projects, and feedback received from users after completion, including suggestions for future projects. We also draw conclusions from the lessons learned on the consortium side.

Finally, the deliverable includes an appendix with summaries of all selected projects and a link to the final reports of the user projects on a dedicated page of the {PRISMAP} website.},
	publisher = {Zenodo},
	author = {Duchemin, Charlotte and Haddad, Ferid},
	urldate = {2025-12-11},
	date = {2025-12-11},
	keywords = {deliverable},
}

@article{decristoforoStandardsClinicalTranslation2022,
	title = {Standards for clinical translation},
	rights = {Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, Open Access},
	url = {https://zenodo.org/record/6599181},
	doi = {10.5281/ZENODO.6599181},
	abstract = {Radiopharmaceuticals are considered Medicinal Products, thereby they must be prepared and applied within the regulated area of pharmaceuticals. This includes radionuclides, which have seen extraordinary advancements in research and development over the last decade in regards to theranostics. The governing {EU} directives and regulations, including regulatory guidance, cannot keep pace with this development. {PRISMAP}, the European Medical Radionuclide Program, brings together key nuclear research centres and leading clinical translational research facilities across Europe to provide a sustainable source of high purity grade new radionuclides for the starting research community. One of {PRISMAP}`s paramount aims is to standardise and harmonise research and development activities with novel radionuclides to cope with pharmaceutical regulatory requirements and provide guidance for clinical translation. The {PRISMAP} workshop: “Radionuclide Production to Nuclear Medicine Clinical Applications: Regulatory Standards and Harmonisation of Quality and Safety”, held in February 2022, provided the basis for this document, which gives guidance for the early phase clinical research with novel radionuclides. It describes the current standards and a harmonised view of the European regulatory framework. The document complements the existing regulatory framework and is not considered legally binding.{\textless}br{\textgreater} Six chapters cover different aspects in radiopharmaceutical development. Each chapter includes dedicated guidelines and guidance documents from regulatory authorities and professional organisations, as well as references to scientific publications on the respective topic.{\textless}br{\textgreater} An introduction of {PRISMAP} and the project scope is followed by a definition of terms and nomenclature for specification of novel radionuclides within {PRISMAP}. The following chapter focuses on the production of radionuclides and implementation of {GMP} in the radiopharmaceutical development process. It provides relevant definitions and gives recommendations where {GMP} compliant processes should be introduced in the production of novel radionuclides. Guidance for controls of radionuclides including starting materials, process validation, in-process controls, chemical precursors and production of radiopharmaceuticals are briefly addressed. The subsequent chapter covers quality specifications and quality control. It includes details on relevant European Pharmacopoeia texts and guidance for compliance, summarises other regulatory texts from the {EMA} and {ICH}, giving general considerations on specifications and specific guidance for validation of analytical methods. It provides definitions on drug substance and drug product and addresses all relevant specific quality criteria for novel radionuclides. The next chapter deals with metrology and medical physics aspects in clinical translation. The relation to the Basic Safety Standards of the Council Directive 2013/59/Euratom is described, which includes aspects of therapy planning and dosimetry for novel radionuclides. Standardisation in relation to traceability is addressed in a dedicated part on Metrology. The role of Medical Physics in the context of standardisation and harmonisation of the clinical use of novel radionuclides for imaging equipment, image acquisition, processing parameters, and quality control implementation of new technologies is summarised.{\textless}br{\textgreater} The final chapter covers Non-Clinical Safety and Pharmacology aspects and provides an overview of the current guidance documents to assess preclinical dosimetry, toxicity (new {EMA} guideline specific for radiopharmaceuticals), and pharmacology of radiopharmaceuticals, which are developed with the aim to be used in human clinical trials. Recent specific guidance documents on this topic, particularly from the {IAEA} are summarised and included.{\textless}br{\textgreater} This guidance document serves as an essential and comprehensive guide for radionuclide producers, radiopharmaceutical translational scientists, clinical and hospital based radiopharmaceutical development researchers through the complex jungle of pharmaceutical regulations and guidelines. It provides a harmonised view to standardise data required for clinical translation of novel radionuclides.},
	publisher = {Zenodo},
	author = {Decristoforo, Clemens and Hayashi, Sason Feldkamp and Bordeau, Cecile and Haddad, Ferid and Viertl, David and Deville, Claire and Naidoo, Clive and Pedersen, Kristina Søborg and Jensen, Mikael and Köster, Ulli and Correia, João Galamba and Gano, Lurdes and Bruchertseifer, Frank and Baete, Kristof and Mikolajczak, Renata and Collins, Sean and Geistlich, Susanne and Van Der Meulen, Nick and Ponsard, Bernard and Van De Voorde, Michiel and Campillos, Monica},
	urldate = {2022-06-02},
	date = {2022-05-31},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Version Number: 1.0},
	keywords = {{PRISMAP}, radionuclides, pharmaceutical, standardization and harmonization, deliverable},
}

@article{decristoforoQualityDataCollection2025,
	title = {Quality data collection for clinical translation},
	rights = {Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International},
	url = {https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.16612998},
	doi = {10.5281/ZENODO.16612998},
	publisher = {Zenodo},
	author = {Decristoforo, Clemens},
	urldate = {2025-09-24},
	date = {2025-07-30},
	keywords = {deliverable},
}

@article{stenbergCytotoxicityCellCycle2025,
	title = {Cytotoxicity and cell cycle changes in prostate cancer cells with differing {PSMA} expression and p53 status after treatment with {PSMA}-targeting radioligand [212Pb]Pb-{AB}001},
	rights = {2025 The Author(s)},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-29785-7},
	doi = {10.1038/s41598-025-29785-7},
	abstract = {Targeted alpha therapy holds promise for treating advanced prostate cancer, but the interplay between prostate-specific membrane antigen ({PSMA}) expression, p53 status, and downstream cell fate remains poorly defined. This study evaluates the cytotoxic and cell cycle effects of the alpha-emitting radioligand [212Pb]Pb-{AB}001 in prostate cancer cell lines with differing {PSMA} expression and p53 status: C4-2 ({PSMA}+/{TP}53-wild-type) and {PC}-3 {PIP} ({PSMA}+++/ {TP}53-null). [212Pb]Pb-{AB}001 significantly inhibited proliferation and clonogenic survival in both cell lines in an activity-dependent manner. At 95\% clonogenic inhibition, both cell lines exhibited G2-phase arrest, S-phase suppression and reduced mitotic entry on day 1. At higher activities, {PC}-3 {PIP} cells showed polyploidy, and features consistent with mitotic catastrophe and senescence. Cytotoxicity was more pronounced in C4-2 3D spheroid models than in 2D monolayers, suggesting contribution of crossfire and bystander effects. Total cell-bound activity, rather than added activity, better predicted radiotoxicity in both {TP}53-wild-type and {TP}53-null cell lines, indicating that its therapeutic effect is primarily governed by {PSMA}-mediated uptake rather than p53 status. These results support the therapeutic potential of [212Pb]Pb-{AB}001 across cells with varying {TP}53 status and suggest that combining [212Pb]Pb-{AB}001 with {DNA} repair or checkpoint inhibitors may enhance treatment efficacy.},
	journaltitle = {Scientific Reports},
	shortjournal = {Sci Rep},
	publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
	eprinttype = {pubmed},
	eprint = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41318731/},
	author = {Stenberg, Vilde Yuli and Liukaityte, Rugile and Kristiansen, Sandra Kvarsvik and Wangen-Riise, Rina and Kleinauskas, Andrius and Dunne, Victoria and Juzeniene, Asta},
	urldate = {2025-12-01},
	date = {2025-11-29},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {Cancer, Cell biology, Oncology, scientific-publication},
}

@article{sevenoisOptimisedSolidphaseExtraction2024,
	title = {Optimised solid-phase extraction of 211At: Activity balance of 211At, 210At and 210Po after wet chemistry target dissolution},
	volume = {225},
	issn = {0969806X},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0969806X24006388},
	doi = {10.1016/j.radphyschem.2024.112146},
	shorttitle = {Optimised solid-phase extraction of 211At},
	pages = {112146},
	journaltitle = {Radiation Physics and Chemistry},
	shortjournal = {Radiation Physics and Chemistry},
	author = {Sevenois, Matthijs Bart and Jensen, Holger Jan and Haddad, Ferid and Bäck, Tom and D'Huyvetter, Matthias and Navarro, Laurent and Covens, Peter},
	urldate = {2024-09-02},
	date = {2024-12},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {user-project},
}

@article{holzleitnerPreclinicalEvaluationGastrinReleasing2023,
	title = {Preclinical Evaluation of Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Receptor Antagonists Labeled with $^{\textrm{161}}$ Tb and $^{\textrm{177}}$ Lu: A Comparative Study},
	issn = {0161-5505, 2159-662X},
	url = {http://jnm.snmjournals.org/lookup/doi/10.2967/jnumed.123.266233},
	doi = {10.2967/jnumed.123.266233},
	shorttitle = {Preclinical Evaluation of Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Receptor Antagonists Labeled with $^{\textrm{161}}$ Tb and $^{\textrm{177}}$ Lu},
	pages = {jnumed.123.266233},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Nuclear Medicine},
	shortjournal = {J Nucl Med},
	author = {Holzleitner, Nadine and Cwojdzinski, Tatjana and Beck, Roswitha and Urtz-Urban, Nicole and Hillhouse, Colin C. and Grundler, Pascal V. and Van Der Meulen, Nicholas P. and Talip, Zeynep and Ramaekers, Stijn and Van De Voorde, Michiel and Ponsard, Bernard and Casini, Angela and Günther, Thomas},
	urldate = {2023-12-18},
	date = {2023-12-14},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {user-project},
}

@article{kumarTrueTheranosticPair2025,
	title = {A true theranostic pair – 44/47Sc-labeled {GRPR} antagonist shows great promise for managing prostate and breast cancer},
	issn = {1619-7089},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-025-07651-y},
	doi = {10.1007/s00259-025-07651-y},
	abstract = {This study investigates the theranostic potential of a 44/47Sc-labeled antagonist targeting the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor ({GRPR}) in prostate and breast tumors.},
	journaltitle = {European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging},
	shortjournal = {Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging},
	author = {Kumar, Naveen and Bilinska, Adrianna and Menéndez, Elena and Läppchen, Tilman and Moon, Euy Sung and Zoltowska, Malgorzata and Pawlak, Dariusz and Cieszykowska, Izabela and Mikolajczak, Renata and Rösch, Frank and Rominger, Axel and Gourni, Eleni},
	urldate = {2025-11-12},
	date = {2025-11-11},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {44/47Sc, Everolimus, Fractionated dose, {GRPR} antagonist, {mTOR} inhibitor, user-project},
}

@article{pretzeDifferent212PbGenerators2025,
	title = {Different 212Pb Generators and Its Radiation Safety Concerning 220Rn (Thoron) Emanation},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {2305-6304},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/13/6/462},
	doi = {10.3390/toxics13060462},
	abstract = {(1) Background: As the demand for 212Pb for clinical theranostics rises, empirical studies that examine the radiation safety implications of different 224Ra sources are needed to facilitate discussions with local authorities for the translation of 203/212Pb theranostics routine clinical practice. (2) Methods: Environmental 220Rn (Thoron) emanation was detected by a {RAD}7 detector in the vicinity of respective 212Pb sources and additional alpha-dosimeters to detect 220Rn during generator elution, radiosynthesis, and quality control. Personnel gamma exposure was measured using whole-body and ring dosimeters. Generators included those based on wet-chemical-process- and emanation-based technology. (3) Results: During generator handling, varying levels of 220Rn were observed in the vicinity of generators. An additional monthly whole-body dose must be considered when handling different sources of 212Pb generators, and this depends upon local shielding and the handling approaches toward use of the technology. (4) Conclusions: 224Ra in any form (including radionuclide generators) should always be handled within a fume hood to keep potential contamination and exposure to personnel as low as reasonably achievable. Following standard practices of radiation safety, generators of 212Pb can be used safely for theranostic applications.},
	pages = {462},
	number = {6},
	journaltitle = {Toxics},
	shortjournal = {Toxics},
	author = {Pretze, Marc and Hartmann, Holger and Duchemin, Charlotte and Stora, Thierry and Inzamam, Muhammad and Kästner, David and Sagastume, Edwin A. and Schultz, Michael K. and Kotzerke, Jörg and Bundschuh, Ralph A. and Freudenberg, Robert},
	urldate = {2025-11-17},
	date = {2025-05-30},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {user-project},
}

@article{roustaeiNavigatingSafetyProfile2025,
	title = {Navigating the safety profile of Actinium-225 targeted alpha therapy: a comprehensive review},
	issn = {2281-7565},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s40336-025-00733-9},
	doi = {10.1007/s40336-025-00733-9},
	shorttitle = {Navigating the safety profile of Actinium-225 targeted alpha therapy},
	abstract = {This review aims to collect the available documents on the clinical safety of Ac-225 radiopharmaceuticals targeted alpha radionuclide therapy and summarize practical safety data recommended for clinical development of Ac-225 radiopharmaceuticals.},
	journaltitle = {Clinical and Translational Imaging},
	shortjournal = {Clin Transl Imaging},
	author = {Roustaei, Hessamoddin and D’Alessandria, Calogero and Decristoforo, Clemens},
	urldate = {2025-11-12},
	date = {2025-11-04},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {Actinium-225, Review, Safety, {TAT}, Targeted alpha therapy, Targeted radionuclide therapy, Toxicity, scientific-publication},
}

@article{ganderUserMeetings2025,
	title = {User Meetings},
	rights = {Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International},
	url = {https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.16871555},
	doi = {10.5281/ZENODO.16871554},
	publisher = {Zenodo},
	author = {Gander, Filippo},
	urldate = {2025-09-24},
	date = {2025-08-14},
	keywords = {deliverable},
}

@article{cocoliosWorkshopsSeniorResearchers2024,
	title = {Workshops for senior researchers},
	rights = {Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International},
	doi = {10.5281/ZENODO.11842111},
	shorttitle = {{PRISMAP} Deliverable D6.2},
	abstract = {The multidisciplinary nature of the {PRISMAP} consortium and {PRISMAP} community is a challenge to engage with a common language. Through its Training Office, and together with its Dissemination Team, {PRISMAP} engages towards senior and established researchers to provide educational content that promotes enhanced mutual understanding between the different fields.

In this report, we present all the activities that have been carried in the last 3 years within {PRISMAP}. From these, we have drawn conclusions on how to adjust our approach to reach to a broader audience and further promote the mutual understandings of the different parts of the {PRISMAP} community.},
	publisher = {Zenodo},
	author = {Cocolios, Thomas Elias},
	urldate = {2024-06-19},
	date = {2024-05-03},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Version Number: 1.0},
	keywords = {deliverable},
}

@article{vreysStandardisedAccessProcedures2024,
	title = {Standardised access procedures},
	rights = {Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International},
	url = {https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.11109550},
	doi = {10.5281/ZENODO.11109550},
	abstract = {The objective of the deliverable D1.2.’Standardised access procedures’ is to establish a common {PRISMAP} accessprocess by standardising the access procedures for all {PRISMAP} production facilities ({TNA}2) and biomedicalfacilities ({TNA}2), ensuring a smooth and efficient user experience.},
	publisher = {Zenodo},
	author = {Vreys, Ruth and Duchemin, Charlotte and Haddad, Ferid and Viertl, David and D'Alessandria, Calogero and Talip, Zeynep and Köster, Ulli},
	urldate = {2024-06-12},
	date = {2024-04-30},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {deliverable},
}

@article{decristoforoSafetyDataCollection2025,
	title = {Safety data collection for clinical translation},
	url = {https://zenodo.org/records/17253347},
	doi = {10.5281/ZENODO.17253347},
	publisher = {Zenodo},
	author = {Decristoforo, Clemens},
	urldate = {2025-10-06},
	date = {2025-10-02},
	keywords = {deliverable},
}

@article{cocoliosReportPrecursorSynthesis2023,
	title = {Report on precursor synthesis and related infrared spectroscopy measurements},
	rights = {Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International},
	url = {https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.10091918},
	doi = {10.5281/ZENODO.10091918},
	abstract = {According to the {PRISMAP} Description of Action, D10.6 is dedicated to the "Synthesis of the appropriate molecular precursors containing Ca and Ti and the related {FTIR} spectra measurements", towards the application of laser-enhanced isotopically selective condensation for the enrichment of Ca and Ti radionuclides.
As calcium hexafluoroacetylacetonate (C10H2CaF12O4) is commercially available, it has been procured externally for this purpose and characterised towards its planned use.
Gas-phase infrared spectroscopy was employed to investigate the vibrational modes of calcium hexafluoroacetylacetonate (C10H2CaF12O4) in the wide wavenumber range from 550 to 1700 cm-1. The measured spectrum agrees well with previous density functional theory calculations, allowing a targeted laser excitation within {PRISMAP} at 490 cm-1, in order to resonantly excite a Ca isotope sensitive vibration.
This demonstrates that this commercially available compound is appropriate for the sought-out application and that dedicated synthesis is thus not required.
A similar approach may now be followed for Ti-containing molecules, where we need first to identify a suitable stable molecule, then perform the associated {DFT} calculations, perform the synthesis if no commercial compound can be identified, and finally verify those with infrared light spectroscopy.},
	publisher = {Zenodo},
	author = {Cocolios, Thomas Elias and Duchemin, Charlotte and Mamis, Edgars and Stora, Thierry},
	urldate = {2023-11-16},
	date = {2023-11-09},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {deliverable},
}

@article{cisterninoReportGdTarget2024,
	title = {Report on Gd target production},
	rights = {Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International},
	doi = {10.5281/ZENODO.11110642},
	abstract = {Short-lived radionuclides of the terbium (Tb) family show great interest for application in nuclear medicine. Different production routes exist to produce these radionuclides, but the most obvious ones use gadolinium as target material. Within the {WP}10 of {PRISMAP}, {INFN} and {ARRONAX} have worked on Gd target preparation for both cross section measurements (thin targets) and radionuclide production (thick targets). This work used the preparation of gadolinium targets for Tb-155 production as a case study as developed techniques can easily be adapted to other enriched Gd isotopes. Thin target preparation using different electrochemical techniques has been explored as well as different methods to prepare pellets from Gd2O3 powder including sintering. Targets of both types were prepared and irradiated both in France and Italy.},
	publisher = {Zenodo},
	author = {Cisternino, S. and Haddad, F. and Kotliarenko, A. and Sounalet, T. and Wang, Y.},
	urldate = {2024-06-13},
	date = {2024-05-03},
	keywords = {deliverable},
}

@article{manzolaroProceedingsBookWorkshop2023,
	title = {Proceedings book workshop 1},
	rights = {Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, Open Access},
	url = {https://zenodo.org/record/7913190},
	doi = {10.5281/ZENODO.7913190},
	abstract = {This deliverable is the Proceedings book of the {PRISMAP} workshop 1 “{PRISMAP} workshop on emerging infrastructures and technical developments”. The Workshop on Emerging Infrastructures and Technical Developments was organised at Legnaro National Laboratories on 21-24 November 2022. The Workshop gave a general update on international facilities producing radionuclides, identified the most promising radionuclides on which production R\&D shall focus in the near future, and presented the latest technical developments on targets, ion sources and mass separation techniques. This is one of the two events organised within the {WP}8: Involvement of Emerging Infrastructures. The workshop was organised in a hybrid format, registering 76 participants, out of which 39 in person and 37 remotely. The first day of the workshop included 15 talks dedicated to infrastructures and radionuclides programmes. The second day was dedicated to more technical topics, including 9 technical talks covering the major activities performed within {WP}10: on targets, ion sources and isotopes purification. The on-site participants could join a visit to {SPES} facilities, enjoying a unique opportunity to enter all sections of this {ISOL} facility which is getting ready to start the beam commissioning. Furthermore, a poster session has been organised, where 9 posters have been presented. Proceedings contributions from some of the posters are included in this Book of Proceedings.},
	publisher = {Zenodo},
	author = {Manzolaro, Mattia and Corradetti, Stefano and Pupillo, Gaia and Popescu, Lucia},
	urldate = {2023-05-30},
	date = {2023-05-09},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Version Number: 1},
	keywords = {biomedical research facilities, deliverable, high power cyclotrons, high purity isotopes, high purity radionuclides, isotope mass separation facilities, mass separation, nuclear reactors, radiopharmaceuticals},
}

@article{cocoliosPRISMAPWorkshops2025,
	title = {{PRISMAP} workshops},
	url = {https://zenodo.org/records/17458154},
	doi = {10.5281/ZENODO.17458154},
	abstract = {We have organised five events for the broad scientific community throughout the duration of the {PRISMAP} project, including two at the international congress of {EANM}. Those events have been very successful, resulting in increased membership to the {PRISMAP} Community and shaping future collaborations, some of which have been concretised in the {PRISMAP}+ proposal.},
	publisher = {Zenodo},
	author = {Cocolios, Thomas Elias},
	urldate = {2025-10-29},
	date = {2025-10-27},
	keywords = {deliverable},
}

@article{collinsPrecisionNuclearData2025,
	title = {Precision nuclear data for extended radionuclide offer},
	url = {https://zenodo.org/records/15348568},
	doi = {10.5281/ZENODO.15348568},
	abstract = {Nuclear decay data are fundamental constants of a radionuclide’s decay process and are unique to that radionuclide. Nuclear decay data are of importance to a wide range of activities in nuclear medicine, from the production of radionuclides to their use in nuclear medicine clinics. Thus, accurate and precise nuclear decay data are vital to ensure confidence in the activities undertaken across the end-to-end process of radiopharmaceutical use.

During the progress of {PRISMAP} the number of radionuclides has increased from an original offering of 18 radionuclides to an extensive portfolio of 28 radionuclides. In a previous report the status of the nuclear decay data of these original 18 radionuclides was reviewed and recommendations given where future measurement campaigns were needed to improve this data. This same undertaking has been performed for the extended offering of radionuclides, adding reviews of the radionuclides of Sc-43, Mn-52, Pd-103, Rh-103m, Ba-138, Cs-128, Sm-153, Au-199, Pb-203, Ra-223 (and its six-decay progeny), Ra-224 (and its six-decay progeny) and Th-227.

A summary of the current state of nuclear decay data of these radionuclides have been covered in this report using the latest evaluations published by the Nuclear Data Sheets or the Decay Data Evaluation Project. Where recent studies have been published since the last evaluation a comparison to these new values have been included. Based on these reviews, recommendations have been proposed throughout the report for new nuclear decay data studies, where the current literature is lacking or there is room for improvement.},
	publisher = {Zenodo},
	author = {Collins, Sean},
	urldate = {2025-05-23},
	date = {2025-05-06},
	keywords = {Gamma ray, Half-Life, Nuclear Decay Data, Nuclear Medicine, {PRISMAP}, Radioactivity, Radionuclide, Targeted Radionuclide Therapy, deliverable},
}

@article{jensenDatabasePackagesDocuments2024,
	title = {Database of packages, documents, approvals},
	rights = {Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International},
	url = {https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.11109988},
	doi = {10.5281/ZENODO.11109988},
	abstract = {The {PRISMAP} Database of packages, documents, approvals  

A public deliverable D9.3 under the {PRISMAP} project},
	author = {Jensen, Mikael},
	urldate = {2024-06-12},
	date = {2024-05-03},
	langid = {english},
	doi = {10.5281/ZENODO.11109988},
	keywords = {deliverable, radioactivity transport},
}

@article{jensenCompliantEfficientTransportation2023,
	title = {Compliant and efficient transportation},
	rights = {Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International},
	url = {https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.10069352},
	doi = {10.5281/ZENODO.10069352},
	author = {Jensen, Mikael and Duchemin, Charlotte and Talip, Zeynep},
	urldate = {2023-11-03},
	date = {2023-11-03},
	langid = {english},
	doi = {10.5281/ZENODO.10069352},
	keywords = {deliverable},
}

@article{radzinaAcademiaMeetsIndustry2025,
	title = {Academia meets industry events},
	url = {https://zenodo.org/records/17457553},
	doi = {10.5281/ZENODO.17457553},
	author = {Radzina, Maija},
	urldate = {2025-10-29},
	date = {2025-05-27},
	keywords = {deliverable},
}

@article{zaniniWhitePaperEmerging2025,
	title = {White Paper on Emerging Facilities for Production of Novel Radionuclides for Use in Nuclear Medicine},
	url = {https://zenodo.org/records/17553316},
	doi = {10.5281/ZENODO.17257279},
	abstract = {The key objective of {PRISMAP} is to establish a European infrastructure for researchers and physicians, providing a sustainable source of highly pure non-conventional radionuclides for development in medicine as well as protocols and services for the pharmaceutical industry and the healthcare sector. It is composed of a consortium of European facilities for radionuclide production, including high-flux neutron sources, mass separator facilities, and high-power accelerators, with biomedical research institutes and hospitals dedicated to translating emerging radionuclides into medical diagnosis and treatment. {PRISMAP} focuses on the development and study of non-conventional radionuclides for translational medical research.

This work is part of {WP}8 of {PRISMAP} on “Involvement of Emerging Infrastructures”. The goals of this White Paper are: First, to provide a comprehensive list of the emerging facilities which are part of the {PRISMAP} consortium. These emerging facilities are at different stages of maturity, some are already operating, some are in the design or construction phases, and finally, some are just on paper. Second, to provide results on production capabilities for some of the innovative radionuclides that are part of the {PRISMAP} portfolio. During the project, two workshops, the first one at {INFN} in Legnaro, Italy, in 2022, and the second at {SCK} {CEN} in 2025, were held as part of the same work package. In the second workshop, preliminary results on calculations for six innovative radionuclides were presented. The final results are summarized in this white paper.



The six radionuclides with high potential in nuclear medicine are Sc-47, Cu-67, Tb-152, Tb-155, Pt-195m and Ac-225. They were selected from the list in the {PRISMAP} portfolio (Pt-195m while not yet in the {PRISMAP} portfolio, but had been requested by {PRISMAP} users) because their production routes at existing facilities are particularly challenging, and it is of vital interest to consider alternative ways at emerging facilities, considering production at particle accelerators, γ-ray beams, and neutron sources, with the possible use of mass separation. As it is shown in the report, the results are extremely encouraging in terms of production capabilities, and all of the emerging facilities can, in one way or the other, contribute to the development and production of these innovative radionuclides. Some challenges remain, and these are discussed in the individual sections dedicated to the radionuclides and in the conclusions.},
	publisher = {Zenodo},
	author = {Zanini, Luca},
	urldate = {2025-11-07},
	date = {2025-11-07},
	keywords = {deliverable},
}

@article{collinsTraceabilityRadionuclides2024,
	title = {Traceability for radionuclides},
	rights = {Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International},
	url = {https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.11093646},
	doi = {10.5281/ZENODO.11093646},
	abstract = {Radionuclides play an important role in the diagnosis of a range of key diseases or for the delivery of targeted cancer therapies. This unique capability has been utilised for decades and drives the development of new radiopharmaceuticals using well known radionuclides and the search for novel radionuclides that can expand the pool of treatments available and lead to improvements in patient outcomes. The development and manufacture of these radiopharmaceuticals and use in a patient requires the accurate measurement of the activity of the radionuclide to provide the efficient and safe use of the drug.

To achieve this, regulators look to radiopharmaceutical manufacturers and radiopharmacies to be capable of accurately measuring the activity of the radionuclide present in a manner traceable to national or international standards of activity. Traceability provides the best route to ensure that the measurement devices being used, and their calibrations are providing accurate results, through a documented unbroken chain of calibrations.

As new radionuclides are identified and developed for use in nuclear medicine National Metrology Institutes ({NMIs}) play a crucial role in developing these national and international standards through the realisation of primary standards of activity of the radionuclide. The {NMIs} are responsible for providing a method for disseminating these standards to the radiopharmaceutical manufacturers, radiopharmacies and clinics to provide the link to the {SI} unit of the becquerel and give confidence in the activity measurements.

Through the well-established comparison systems of the International Reference System ({SIR}) at the Bureau International Des Poids et Mesures ({BIPM}) the {NMIs} can compare their national standards against those of other nations and show their equivalence and provide confidence in the standards being provided. Over the years many primary standards for radionuclides with applications in medicine have been developed and compared, with some of {PRISMAP} radionuclides already having been compared by {NMIs}. With many new radionuclides being proposed for nuclear medicine applications, there is still a substantial amount of work for the {NMIs} and the {BIPM} to perform to provide traceability.},
	publisher = {Zenodo},
	author = {Collins, Sean},
	urldate = {2025-11-10},
	date = {2024-05-01},
	keywords = {deliverable},
}

@article{jensenFirstPublicReport2022,
	title = {First public report from the {PRISMAP} work package 9 ({WP}9, transport and logistics)},
	rights = {Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, Open Access},
	url = {https://zenodo.org/record/6606494},
	doi = {10.5281/ZENODO.6606494},
	abstract = {This report is the first public output from the {PRISMAP} work package 9 ({WP}9, transport and logistics). The report describes in outline the existing rules and means of transport (primarily air and road) and how these rules and their implementation induce important constraints on the optimal distribution of novel radionuclides within the network. Based on input from the project partners and the analysis of the most urgent transportation needs arising from the first round of user projects, the report describes important bottlenecks for the efficient and reliable transport of novel radionuclides.},
	author = {Jensen, Mikael and Naidoo, Clive and Bertreix, Philippe and Frosio, Thomas and Viertel, David and Köster, Ulli and Cocolios, Thomas Elias},
	urldate = {2022-06-07},
	date = {2022-06-02},
	langid = {english},
	doi = {10.5281/ZENODO.6606494},
	note = {Version Number: 1.0},
	keywords = {Novel Radionuclides, Transportation Radioactive Materials, deliverable},
}

@article{lepennecMOOCBasisHeart2023,
	title = {{MOOC} on the basis of In the Heart of Medical Radioactivity},
	rights = {Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International},
	url = {https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.10057649},
	doi = {10.5281/ZENODO.10057649},
	publisher = {Zenodo},
	author = {Le Pennec, Anne},
	urldate = {2023-10-31},
	date = {2023-10-31},
	keywords = {deliverable},
}

@article{radzinaQuestionnaireIndustrialClinical2022,
	title = {Questionnaire on industrial and clinical key players and needs},
	rights = {Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, Open Access},
	url = {https://zenodo.org/record/7154340},
	doi = {10.5281/ZENODO.7154340},
	abstract = {This document is a summary of responses received from the public known European industrial manufacturing and research institution and clinical facility representatives. The responses were given to the {PRISMAP} Consortium questionnaire disseminated in January-August 2022, approaching radionuclides and radiopharmaceutical manufacturers, research institutions and clinical end users in nuclear medicine, with the aim to identify potential stakeholders in the industrial and clinical communities interested by a coordinated approach in Europe such as {PRISMAP}. The summary from {PRISMAP} questionnaire stratifies the feedback from 114 respondents: radionuclide and radiopharmaceutical producers, research facilities and preclinical/clinical end users. In addition, it gives an insight into the location and capabilities of the main isotope-producing cyclotron facilities, many of which are known from the {IAEA} cyclotron database [2]). The questionnaire was offered with an opportunity to make new research and international collaboration partners, where all parties could benefit from harmonised supply and legislation procedures, expanding network and distribution routes, and subsequently gain visibility within the {PRISMAP} User Forum map at www.prismap.eu. The questionnaire was focused on the radionuclide use in medicine with emphasis on future needs for specific radionuclides and possible research developments with awareness of legislation, logistics and involved personnel education challenges and future perspectives.},
	publisher = {Zenodo},
	author = {Radzina, Maija and Mamis, Edgars and Saule, Laura and Pajuste, Elina and Kalnina, Marika and Cocolios, Thomas and Talip, Zeynep and Stora, Thierry},
	urldate = {2022-10-12},
	date = {2022-09-30},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Version Number: v1.0},
	keywords = {Clinical End Users, Radiopharmaceutical Manufacturers, Research Institutions, deliverable, nuclear medicine, questionnaire},
}

@article{sondergaardValidationICPOESGspectrometry2025,
	title = {Validation of {ICP}-{OES} and γ-spectrometry methodologies for quality assessment of 67Cu from cyclotron production via the 70Zn(p,α)67Cu nuclear reaction},
	volume = {334},
	issn = {1588-2780},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-025-10270-4},
	doi = {10.1007/s10967-025-10270-4},
	abstract = {Increasing interest in 67Cu for targeted radionuclide therapy necessitates development of robust and validated analytical methods to ensure compliance with regulatory standards for clinical translation. We validated methods based on inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy ({ICP}-{OES}) and high-purity germanium ({HPGe}) γ-spectrometry. For {ICP}-{OES}, criteria were met for most elements, with Al and Ca, suffering matrix effects. Apparent molar activity calculated by {ICP}-{OES} was congruent with {DOTA}-titration-based effective molar activity when Al and Ca were excluded. {HPGe} γ-spectrometry was shown to enable accurate discrimination and quantification of co-produced radionuclides (67Ga, 66Ga, 69mZn) from 67Cu at 99.5\% radionuclidic purity.},
	pages = {5637--5648},
	number = {8},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry},
	shortjournal = {J Radioanal Nucl Chem},
	author = {Søndergaard, Ursula and Thomas, Kolle E. and Sundset, Rune and Deville, Claire and Jensen, Mikael and Pedersen, Kristina S. and Moldes-Anaya, Angel},
	urldate = {2025-10-31},
	date = {2025-08-01},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {67Cu, {ICP}-{OES}, Quality control, Validation of radioanalytical methods, scientific-publication, γ spectrometry},
}

@article{zoltowskaTwostepExtractionChromatography2025,
	title = {Two-step extraction chromatography separation of 161Tb from 160Gd-enriched irradiated target material and verification of the [161Tb]{TbCl}3 suitability for radiolabelling},
	volume = {226},
	issn = {09698043},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0969804325004890},
	doi = {10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.112144},
	pages = {112144},
	journaltitle = {Applied Radiation and Isotopes},
	shortjournal = {Applied Radiation and Isotopes},
	author = {Żółtowska, Małgorzata and Pawlak, Dariusz and Cieszykowska, Izabela and Saganowski, Paweł and Lisowska, Natalia and Filiks, Anna and Mikołajczak, Renata},
	urldate = {2025-10-09},
	date = {2025-12},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {scientific-publication},
}

@article{marganiec-galazkaActivityStandardization47Sc2025,
	title = {Activity standardization of 47Sc by {LS} methods},
	volume = {226},
	issn = {09698043},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0969804325005585},
	doi = {10.1016/j.apradiso.2025.112213},
	pages = {112213},
	journaltitle = {Applied Radiation and Isotopes},
	shortjournal = {Applied Radiation and Isotopes},
	author = {Marganiec-Gałązka, J. and Lisowska, N. and Kamiński, A. and Saganowski, P. and Tymiński, Z. and Cieszykowska, I. and Żółtowska, M.},
	urldate = {2025-10-09},
	date = {2025-12},
	langid = {english},
}

@article{jajcisinovaProductionStudyFr2024,
	title = {Production study of Fr, Ra and Ac radioactive ion beams at {ISOLDE}, {CERN}},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-60331-z},
	doi = {10.1038/s41598-024-60331-z},
	abstract = {Abstract
            
              The presented paper discusses the production of radioactive ion beams of francium, radium, and actinium from thick uranium carbide ({UC}
              
                
                  \$\$\_\{x\}\$\$
                  
                    
                      
                      x
                    
                  
                
              
              ) targets at {ISOLDE}, {CERN}. This study focuses on the release curves and extractable yields of francium, radium and actinium isotopes. The ion source temperature was varied in order to study the relative contributions of surface and laser ionization to the production of the actinium ion beams. The experimental results are presented in the form of release parameters. Representative extractable yields per
              
                
                  \$\${\textbackslash}mu\$\$
                  
                    μ
                  
                
              
              C are presented for
              
                
                  \$\${\textasciicircum}\{222-231\}\$\$
                  
                    
                      
                      
                        222
                        -
                        231
                      
                    
                  
                
              
              Ac, several Ra and Fr isotopes in the mass ranges 214
              
                
                  \$\${\textbackslash}le\$\$
                  
                    ≤
                  
                
              
              A
              
                
                  \$\${\textbackslash}le\$\$
                  
                    ≤
                  
                
              
              233 and 205
              
                
                  \$\${\textbackslash}le\$\$
                  
                    ≤
                  
                
              
              A
              
                
                  \$\${\textbackslash}le\$\$
                  
                    ≤
                  
                
              
              231 respectively. The release efficiency for several isotopes of each of the studied elements was calculated by comparing their yields to the estimated in-target production rates modeled by {CERN}-{FLUKA}. The maximal extraction efficiency of actinium was calculated to be 2.1(6)\% for a combination of surface ionization using a Ta ion source and resonant laser ionization using the two-step 438.58 nm, and 424.69 nm scheme.},
	pages = {11033},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Scientific Reports},
	shortjournal = {Sci Rep},
	author = {Jajčišinová, E. and Dockx, K. and Au, M. and Bara, S. and Cocolios, T. E. and Chrysalidis, K. and Farooq-Smith, G. J. and Fedorov, D. V. and Fedosseev, V. N. and Flanagan, K. T. and Heines, M. and Houngbo, D. and Johnson, J. D. and Kellerbauer, A. and Kraemer, S. and Marsh, B. A. and Popescu, L. and Ramos, J. P. and Rothe, S. and Seliverstov, M. D. and Sels, S. and Stegemann, S. and Stryjczyk, M. and Verelst, V.},
	urldate = {2025-10-09},
	date = {2024-05-14},
	langid = {english},
}

@article{hurierFirstIonSource2024,
	title = {First ion source at {ISOL}@{MYRRHA} with an improved thermal profile - Theoretical considerations},
	volume = {2743},
	issn = {1742-6588, 1742-6596},
	url = {https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/2743/1/012065},
	doi = {10.1088/1742-6596/2743/1/012065},
	abstract = {Abstract
            {ISOL}@{MYRRHA} will be a new Radioactive Ion Beam ({RIB}) facility in Belgium based on the Isotope Separation On-Line ({ISOL}) technique, and established within the framework of {MYRRHA}, the world’s first large-scale accelerator driven system project at power levels scalable to industrial systems. The surface ion source, or hot cavity, is chosen as initial source for its reliability and simple design. To account for the higher flux of atoms through this cavity, a theoretical study of the processes within the ion source is discussed here, based on theoretical equations and thermal-electric simulations. In the past, the temperature was clearly identified as a key element to this source, but with the assumption that it remains constant throughout the cavity. Nonetheless, more recent thermal-electric simulations have revealed that the source Ohmic heating leads to temperature gradients along the cavity tube. The temperature profile impact on ionisation in the hot cavity will be reviewed here.},
	pages = {012065},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Physics: Conference Series},
	shortjournal = {J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.},
	author = {Hurier, S and Rijpstra, K and Ramos, J P and Popescu, L and Cocolios, T E and Mancheva, R and Chrysalidis, K and Rothe, S and Au, M and Koliatos, A},
	urldate = {2025-10-09},
	date = {2024-05-01},
	keywords = {scientific-publication},
}

@article{lebedaRapporteursAvantSoutenance,
	title = {Rapporteurs avant soutenance :},
	abstract = {Radionuclides of terbium have attracted much attention for their potential applications in nuclear medicine. However, the short supply of terbium isotopes has limited their applications. This work proposes to use enriched gadolinium targets to produce terbium radioisotopes in biomedical cyclotrons via light-particle-induced reactions. The Auger and gamma emitter 155Tb is taken as a study case, the involved production reaction is 155Gd(d,2n)155Tb.},
	author = {Lebeda, Ondřej and Braccini, Saverio},
	langid = {english},
}

@article{cocoliosReportIonSource2025,
	title = {Report on ion source with increased throughput},
	rights = {Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International},
	url = {https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.16616807},
	doi = {10.5281/ZENODO.16616807},
	abstract = {This report describes the limitations of existing laser and surface ion sources in terms of ion throughput and the developments towards high-throughput ion sources for long-lived radionuclides carried out within the {PRISMAP} network. This work is built upon first principles through a theoretical understanding of the processes inside the ion source coupled with advanced thermo-mechanical, electrical, and Particle-In-Cell simulations of ion sources, validated by experimental tests. Two new hot-cavity ion sources developed by {INFN} and {SCK} {CEN} are benchmarked against the state-of-the-art ion source from {CERN} using their offline front end and mass separator. The new developments show promising features that will be further explored in subsequent research. Additional developments on other sources, such as the forced electron beam induced arc discharge ({FEBIAD}) are presented for completeness of the ongoing activities.},
	publisher = {Zenodo},
	author = {Cocolios, Thomas Elias},
	editora = {Mancheva, Ralitsa and Ballan, Michele and Khwairakpam, Omorjit Singh and Scarpa, Daniele and Voltan, Giacomo and Rijpstra, Kim and Quanjel, Lennert and Manzolaro, Mattia and Rothe, Sebastian},
	editoratype = {collaborator},
	urldate = {2025-09-24},
	date = {2025-07-30},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Version Number: 1.0},
	keywords = {deliverable, ion source, medical radionuclides, radioactive ion beam},
}

@article{cocoliosTrainingEventsYoung2025,
	title = {Training events for young researchers},
	rights = {Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International},
	url = {https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.15410805},
	doi = {10.5281/ZENODO.15410805},
	abstract = {The {PRISMAP} Training Office has been responsible for the organisation of 5 schools across different topics of relevance to the {PRISMAP} Community. Those events have been organised by {SCK} {CEN}, {DTU}, {IST}-{ID}, {KULeuven}, and {LU}, with strong input from other members from the consortium, such as {ARRONAX} and {PSI}. Furthermore, {PRISMAP} has supported the {ISINucMed} school organised by {ARRONAX}, which topic very strongly aligns with the aims of the {PRISMAP} Training Office. All these events were organised free of charge for the participants. They featured lectures by renowned speakers in the field, laboratory activities, and site visits.

In this deliverable, the different events are reviewed systematically, demonstrating their success and impact. Based on the feedback received, conclusions are drawn. In particular, the oversubscription of the events indicates the need for these events and suggests that such activities need to be continued in the future. Some of those events have already been repeated in the context of other networks or projects. Each organising committee stands ready to reproduce that event, should the opportunity arise.},
	publisher = {Zenodo},
	author = {Cocolios, Thomas Elias},
	editora = {Cortés Ortega, Francisco},
	editoratype = {collaborator},
	urldate = {2025-09-24},
	date = {2025-05-01},
	keywords = {deliverable},
}

@article{storaCERNMEDICISOperationalIndicators2024,
	title = {{CERN}-{MEDICIS}: Operational indicators to support the production of new medical radionuclides by mass-separation},
	volume = {2687},
	issn = {1742-6588, 1742-6596},
	url = {https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/2687/8/082039},
	doi = {10.1088/1742-6596/2687/8/082039},
	shorttitle = {{CERN}-{MEDICIS}},
	abstract = {Abstract
            {CERN}-{MEDICIS} is an isotope mass separation facility dedicated to biomedical research located in a type A work sector, receiving on average 50\% of the 1.4 {GeV} protons delivered by the Proton Synchrotron Booster ({PSB}). It was commissioned with Radioactive Ion Beams ({RIB}’s) in 2017. {MEDICIS} has operated for the past 5 years in batch mode, with targets irradiated in a station located at the {HRS} beam dump, and with external sources provided by {MEDICIS} cyclotrons and nuclear reactors partners, notably during the Long Shutdown ({LS}2). Additional features of the facility include the {MELISSA} laser ion source, radiochemistry on implanted radionuclides and an online gamma-ray spectroscopy implantation monitoring. In 2022, we introduced Key Performance Indicators ({KPI}’s) to monitor the operation of the facility for collected efficiencies, the optimisation of the radiological risks and evaluate impact of possible modifications of the station, paralleling for instance {LHC}’s integrated luminosity. Defined {KPI}’s cover aspects in the operation cycle, e.g. planning in {CERN} schedule, target irradiations, duration of the process, radiological risk mitigation, facility up-time, developments and maintenance. {MEDICIS} {KPI}’s can help distinguish which of the operation and infrastructure life cycle requires immediate intervention, developments or consolidation. Those are related to the irradiation stations and irradiation possibilities, the beamlines (parallel collections), target and ion sources (reliability), robot handling and infrastructure, or the separation process itself.},
	pages = {082039},
	number = {8},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Physics: Conference Series},
	shortjournal = {J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.},
	author = {Stora, T and Duchemin, C and Andreazza, W and Aubert, E and Bernerd, C and Cocolios, T and Deschamps, M and Dorsival, A and Duraffourg, M and Fedosseev, V and Somoza, J Ferreira and Gilardoni, S and Grenard, J L and Heinke, R and Johnson, J and Koliatos, A and Khan, Q and Lambert, L and Mamis, E and Marsh, B and Marzari, S and Mitifiot, C and Pozzi, F and Prvakova, S and Rinchet, J Y and Rodriguez, J Rodriguez and Roesler, S and Rossel, R and Rothe, S and Vollaire, J and Widorski, M},
	urldate = {2024-05-02},
	date = {2024-01-01},
	keywords = {scientific-publication},
}

@article{decristoforoBeGMPNot2025,
	title = {To be {GMP} or not to be– a radionuclide’s question},
	volume = {10},
	rights = {https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0},
	issn = {2365-421X},
	url = {https://ejnmmipharmchem.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s41181-025-00369-0},
	doi = {10.1186/s41181-025-00369-0},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {{EJNMMI} Radiopharmacy and Chemistry},
	shortjournal = {{EJNMMI} radiopharm. chem.},
	publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media {LLC}},
	eprinttype = {pubmed},
	eprint = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40637991/},
	author = {Decristoforo, Clemens and Mikolajczak, Renata and Naidoo, Clive and Lapi, Suzanne and Haddad, Ferid and Schmid, David Emmanuel and Gano, Lurdes and Köster, Ulli and Stora, Thierry},
	urldate = {2025-07-19},
	date = {2025-07-10},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {scientific-publication},
}

@article{bassaneseDiamondDetectorsResponse2023,
	title = {Diamond detectors’ response to intense high-energy electron pulses},
	volume = {1047},
	rights = {https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/},
	issn = {0168-9002},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0168900222010932},
	doi = {10.1016/j.nima.2022.167801},
	pages = {167801},
	journaltitle = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment},
	publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
	author = {Bassanese, S. and Bosisio, L. and Cautero, G. and Cristaudo, P. and Di Mitri, S. and Ferianis, M. and Gabrielli, A. and Giuressi, D. and Jin, Y. and Lanceri, L. and Marich, M. and Vitale, L.},
	urldate = {2024-09-17},
	date = {2023-02},
	langid = {english},
}

@article{johnsonQuantificationTrace227Ac2025,
	title = {Quantification of trace 227Ac and other radionuclidic impurities in mass-separated 225Ac samples produced at {CERN}-{MEDICIS}},
	volume = {15},
	rights = {https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-02277-4},
	doi = {10.1038/s41598-025-02277-4},
	abstract = {Abstract                      225Ac is a promising candidate medical radionuclide for targeted alpha therapy of advanced stage cancers. One of the main production pathways is the high-energy proton spallation of thorium-based targets, that requires an efficient, nuclide-selective separation method to recover 225Ac from hundreds of co-produced spallation and fission products. The main radioactive contaminant of concern is 227Ac  (T1/2 = 21.8 years), that could preclude extensive medical use if not significantly suppressed. In this work, 225Ac samples were produced by mass separation of radioactive ion beams extracted from proton-irradiated thorium-based targets. The activity of 225Ac and other possible contaminants of the samples were measured using complementary gamma- and alpha-decay spectrometry methods, while 227Ac activity was calculated by performing alpha-decay spectrometry of recoiled progeny from the sample. Using this novel method, accurate measurement of trace 227Ac activity in 225Ac samples was performed much faster than with conventional spectrometry techniques, thanks to its 10,000-fold increase in relative sensitivity. The end of collection activity ratio of 227Ac to 225Ac in two samples from irradiated targets were determined to be               \$\$2.00(10) {\textbackslash}times 10{\textasciicircum}\{-6\}\$\$             and               \$\$2.7(4) {\textbackslash}times 10{\textasciicircum}\{-6\}\$\$             respectively, three orders of magnitude below the 227Ac activity in 225Ac products obtained through radiochemical separation. The high separation factor of 225Ac over 227Ac suggests the suitability of mass-separated accelerator-based 225Ac for medical use.},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Scientific Reports},
	shortjournal = {Sci Rep},
	publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media {LLC}},
	author = {Johnson, Jake D. and Bernerd, Cyril and Bruchertseifer, Frank and Cocolios, Thomas E. and Deseyn, Marie and Duchemin, Charlotte and Heines, Michael and Keppens, Max and Lambert, Laura and Meurrens, Nathan and Rossel, Ralf E. and Stora, Thierry and Bergh, Viktor Van Den},
	urldate = {2025-07-08},
	date = {2025-07-02},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {scientific-publication},
}

@article{sondergaardProduction67CuBiomedical2025,
	title = {Production of 67Cu at a biomedical cyclotron via 70Zn(p,α)67Cu reaction and its evaluation in a preclinical study using small animal {SPECT}/{CT}},
	volume = {215},
	issn = {09698043},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0969804324003798},
	doi = {10.1016/j.apradiso.2024.111551},
	pages = {111551},
	journaltitle = {Applied Radiation and Isotopes},
	shortjournal = {Applied Radiation and Isotopes},
	author = {Søndergaard, Ursula and Thomas, Kolle E. and Søborg Pedersen, Kristina and Kranz, Mathias and Sundset, Rune and Moldes-Anaya, Angel and Jensen, Mikael},
	urldate = {2025-06-24},
	date = {2025-01},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {scientific-publication},
}

@article{osullivanElectrongammaDecaySpectroscopy2025,
	title = {Electron-gamma decay spectroscopy of$^{\textrm{152}}$ Tb},
	volume = {100},
	issn = {0031-8949, 1402-4896},
	url = {https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1402-4896/add812},
	doi = {10.1088/1402-4896/add812},
	abstract = {Abstract
            
              Terbium-152, decaying by electron capture and
              β
              +
              emission to
              152
              Gd with
              Q
              
                {EC}
              
              = 3990(40) {keV} and
              T
              1/2
              = 17.8784(95) h, shows promise in nuclear medicine. First-in-human trials have demonstrated its suitability for positron emission tomography ({PET}) imaging, with potential applications in personalised cancer treatments through its membership of the terbium theragnostic quartet. A source of
              152
              Tb was produced at {CERN}-{ISOLDE}, using spallation of a tantalum target induced by a 1.4 {GeV} proton beam and mass separation with the {ISOL} method. The source was then shipped to {ILL} Grenoble for measurement. This paper details the electron-gamma spectroscopy of the decay using the {PN}1/{LOHENGRIN} setup, supporting the gamma-gamma spectroscopy of
              152
              Tb sources produced in the same {ISOLDE} run. Preliminary measurements of the relative intensity of internal conversion electrons are presented, validating theoretical predictions of internal conversion coefficients for several transitions and confirming their assigned multipolarity. The final analysis will support the gamma-gamma spectroscopy in establishing a revised level scheme for the decay, leading to an updated beta strength function and a corresponding change in dosimetry calculations.},
	pages = {065308},
	number = {6},
	journaltitle = {Physica Scripta},
	shortjournal = {Phys. Scr.},
	author = {O’Sullivan, E B and Collins, S M and Daugas, J-M and Domenichetti, L and Heery, J and Henderson, J and Köster, U and Michelagnoli, C and Parry, T and Pascu, S and Regan, P H and Shearman, R},
	urldate = {2025-06-10},
	date = {2025-06-01},
	keywords = {scientific-publication},
}

@article{santosMitochondriatropicRadioconjugatesEnhance2025,
	title = {Mitochondria-tropic radioconjugates to enhance the therapeutic potential of terbium-161},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {2365-421X},
	url = {https://ejnmmipharmchem.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s41181-025-00339-6},
	doi = {10.1186/s41181-025-00339-6},
	pages = {18},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {{EJNMMI} Radiopharmacy and Chemistry},
	shortjournal = {{EJNMMI} radiopharm. chem.},
	eprinttype = {pubmed},
	eprint = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40214871/},
	author = {Santos, Joana F. and Laere, Camille Van and Silva, Catarina D. and Cassells, Irwin and Fernandes, Célia and Raposinho, Paula and Belchior, Ana and Pinto, Catarina I. G. and Mendes, Filipa and Cawthorne, Christopher and Ooms, Maarten and Voorde, Michiel Van De and Cleeren, Frederik and Paulo, António},
	urldate = {2025-04-14},
	date = {2025-04-11},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {scientific-publication},
}

@article{tosatoAlphaAtlasMapping2024,
	title = {Alpha Atlas: Mapping global production of α-emitting radionuclides for targeted alpha therapy},
	issn = {09698051},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0969805124001161},
	doi = {10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2024.108990},
	shorttitle = {Alpha Atlas},
	pages = {108990},
	journaltitle = {Nuclear Medicine and Biology},
	shortjournal = {Nuclear Medicine and Biology},
	author = {Tosato, Marianna and Favaretto, Chiara and Kleynhans, Janke and Burgoyne, Andrew R. and Gestin, Jean-François and Van Der Meulen, Nicholas P. and Jalilian, Amirreza and Köster, Ulli and Asti, Mattia and Radchenko, Valery},
	urldate = {2025-01-13},
	date = {2024-12},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {scientific-publication},
}

@article{radzinaNovelRadionuclidesDemand2024,
	title = {Novel radionuclides: demand, production and distribution for translational research in Europe},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {2365-421X},
	url = {https://ejnmmipharmchem.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s41181-024-00318-3},
	doi = {10.1186/s41181-024-00318-3},
	shorttitle = {Novel radionuclides},
	pages = {85},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {{EJNMMI} Radiopharmacy and Chemistry},
	shortjournal = {{EJNMMI} radiopharm. chem.},
	eprinttype = {pubmed},
	eprint = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39692851/},
	author = {Radzina, Maija and Saule, Laura and Mamis, Edgars and Pajuste, Elina and Koester, Ulli and Cocolios, Thomas Elias and Proskurins, Jevgenijs and Kalnina, Patricija and Zabolockis, Rudolfs Janis and Palskis, Kristaps and Talip, Zeynep and Jensen, Mikael and Duchemin, Charlotte and Baatout, Sarah and Leufgen, Kirsten and Stora, Thierry},
	urldate = {2025-03-11},
	date = {2024-12-18},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {scientific-publication},
}

@article{hindieComparativeAnalysisPositron2024,
	title = {Comparative analysis of positron emitters for theranostic applications based on small bioconjugates highlighting 43Sc, 61Cu and 45Ti},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {2197-7364},
	url = {https://ejnmmiphys.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40658-024-00699-z},
	doi = {10.1186/s40658-024-00699-z},
	pages = {98},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {{EJNMMI} Physics},
	shortjournal = {{EJNMMI} Phys},
	author = {Hindié, Elif and Köster, Ulli and Champion, Christophe and Zanotti-Fregonara, Paolo and Morgat, Clément},
	urldate = {2024-12-11},
	date = {2024-11-22},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {scientific-publication},
}

@article{osullivanCompleteDecaySpectroscopy2025,
	title = {Towards complete decay spectroscopy of 152Tb},
	volume = {232},
	issn = {0969806X},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0969806X25001331},
	doi = {10.1016/j.radphyschem.2025.112641},
	pages = {112641},
	journaltitle = {Radiation Physics and Chemistry},
	shortjournal = {Radiation Physics and Chemistry},
	author = {O’Sullivan, E.B. and Collins, S.M. and Daugas, J.-M. and Domenichetti, L. and Heery, J. and Henderson, J. and Köster, U. and Michelagnoli, C. and Parry, T. and Pascu, S. and Regan, P.H. and Shearman, R.},
	urldate = {2025-03-10},
	date = {2025-07},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {scientific-publication},
}

@article{santosSynthesisPreclinicalEvaluation2024,
	title = {Synthesis and Preclinical Evaluation of {PSMA}-Targeted $^{\textrm{111}}$ In-Radioconjugates Containing a Mitochondria-Tropic Triphenylphosphonium Carrier},
	volume = {21},
	rights = {https://doi.org/10.15223/policy-029},
	issn = {1543-8384, 1543-8392},
	url = {https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00787},
	doi = {10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00787},
	pages = {216--233},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Molecular Pharmaceutics},
	shortjournal = {Mol. Pharmaceutics},
	author = {Santos, Joana F. and Braz, Maria T. and Raposinho, Paula and Cleeren, Frederik and Cassells, Irwin and Leekens, Simon and Cawthorne, Christopher and Mendes, Filipa and Fernandes, Célia and Paulo, António},
	urldate = {2024-05-03},
	date = {2024-01-01},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {scientific-publication},
}

@article{kordePositionPaperFacilitate2024,
	title = {Position paper to facilitate patient access to radiopharmaceuticals: considerations for a suitable pharmaceutical regulatory framework},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {2365-421X},
	url = {https://ejnmmipharmchem.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s41181-023-00230-2},
	doi = {10.1186/s41181-023-00230-2},
	shorttitle = {Position paper to facilitate patient access to radiopharmaceuticals},
	abstract = {Abstract
            
              Background
              Nuclear medicine has made enormous progress in the past decades. However, there are still significant inequalities in patient access among different countries, which could be mitigated by improving access to and availability of radiopharmaceuticals.
            
            
              Main body
              This paper summarises major considerations for a suitable pharmaceutical regulatory framework to facilitate patient access to radiopharmaceuticals. These include the distinct characteristics of radiopharmaceuticals which require dedicated regulations, considering the impact of the variable complexity of radiopharmaceutical preparation, personnel requirements, manufacturing practices and quality assurance, regulatory authority interfaces, communication and training, as well as marketing authorisation procedures to ensure availability of radiopharmaceuticals. Finally, domestic and regional supply to ensure patient access via alternative regulatory pathways, including in-house production of radiopharmaceuticals, is described, and an outlook on regulatory challenges faced by new developments, such as the use of alpha emitters, is provided.
            
            
              Conclusions
              All these considerations are an outcome of a dedicated Technical Meeting organised by the {IAEA} in 2023 and represent the views and opinions of experts in the field, not those of any regulatory authorities.},
	pages = {2},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {{EJNMMI} Radiopharmacy and Chemistry},
	shortjournal = {{EJNMMI} radiopharm. chem.},
	author = {Korde, Aruna and Patt, Marianne and Selivanova, Svetlana V. and Scott, Andrew M. and Hesselmann, Rolf and Kiss, Oliver and Ramamoorthy, Natesan and Todde, Sergio and Rubow, Sietske M. and Gwaza, Luther and Lyashchenko, Serge and Andersson, Jan and Hockley, Brian and Kaslival, Ravindra and Decristoforo, Clemens},
	urldate = {2024-01-18},
	date = {2024-01-02},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {scientific-publication},
}

@article{leendersFeasibilityOnlineTerbium2023,
	title = {On the feasibility of online terbium extraction at {ISOL}@{MYRRHA}},
	volume = {541},
	issn = {0168583X},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0168583X23002306},
	doi = {10.1016/j.nimb.2023.05.034},
	pages = {249--252},
	journaltitle = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms},
	shortjournal = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms},
	author = {Leenders, Benji and Aerts, Alexander and Cocolios, Thomas E. and Cottenier, Stefaan and Houngbo, Donald and Popescu, Lucia},
	urldate = {2024-05-02},
	date = {2023-08},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {scientific-publication},
}

@incollection{bokaWeakElectronEmission2023,
	location = {Cham},
	title = {Weak Electron Emission of Nanodiamond Irradiated with High Energy Electrons},
	volume = {89},
	isbn = {978-3-031-37131-8 978-3-031-37132-5},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-37132-5_37},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-37132-5_37},
	pages = {293--303},
	booktitle = {19th Nordic-Baltic Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics},
	publisher = {Springer Nature Switzerland},
	author = {Boka, Galina and Dekhtyar, Yuri and Rocca, Mirko and Sokolov, Artur and Sorokins, Hermanis},
	editor = {Dekhtyar, Yuri and Saknite, Inga},
	urldate = {2024-05-02},
	date = {2023},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Series Title: {IFMBE} Proceedings},
	keywords = {scientific-publication},
}

@article{khwairakpamSPESLaserIon2024,
	title = {The {SPES} laser ion source: Time structure, laser enhancement and efficiency measurements with gallium at {ISOLDE} Offline 2},
	volume = {548},
	issn = {0168583X},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0168583X24000181},
	doi = {10.1016/j.nimb.2024.165249},
	shorttitle = {The {SPES} laser ion source},
	pages = {165249},
	journaltitle = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms},
	shortjournal = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms},
	author = {Khwairakpam, O.S. and Mancheva, R. and Au, M. and Bernerd, C. and Centofante, L. and Chrysalidis, K. and Crepieux, B. and Fedosseev, V.N. and Heinke, R. and Marchi, T. and Mariotti, E. and Marsh, B.A. and Monetti, A. and Nicolosi, P. and Rothe, S. and Scarpa, D. and Schuett, M. and Stora, T. and Andrighetto, A. and Manzolaro, M.},
	urldate = {2024-04-16},
	date = {2024-03},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {scientific-publication},
}

@article{mamisTargetDevelopmentFirst2024,
	title = {Target Development towards First Production of High-Molar- Activity 44gSc and 47Sc by Mass Separation at {CERN}-{MEDICIS}},
	volume = {17},
	rights = {https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/},
	issn = {1424-8247},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/17/3/390},
	doi = {10.3390/ph17030390},
	abstract = {The radionuclides 43Sc,  44g/{mSc}, and 47Sc can be produced cost-effectively in sufficient yield for medical research and applications by irradiating  {natTi} and  {natV} target materials with protons. Maximizing the production yield of the therapeutic 47Sc in the highest cross section energy range of 24–70 {MeV} results in the co-production of long-lived, high-γ-ray-energy 46Sc and 48Sc contaminants if one does not use enriched target materials. Mass separation can be used to obtain high molar activity and isotopically pure Sc radionuclides from natural target materials; however, suitable operational conditions to obtain relevant activity released from irradiated  {natTi} and  {natV} have not yet been established at {CERN}-{MEDICIS} and {ISOLDE}. The objective of this work was to develop target units for the production, release, and purification of Sc radionuclides by mass separation as well as to investigate target materials for the mass separation that are compatible with high-yield Sc radionuclide production in the 9–70 {MeV} proton energy range. In this study, the in-target production yield obtained at {MEDICIS} with 1.4 {GeV} protons is compared with the production yield that can be reached with commercially available cyclotrons. The thick-target materials were irradiated at {MEDICIS} and comprised of metallic  {natTi},  {natV} metallic foils, and  {natTiC} pellets. The produced radionuclides were subsequently released, ionized, and extracted from various target and ion source units and mass separated. Mono-atomic Sc laser and molecule ionization with forced-electron-beam-induced arc-discharge ion sources were investigated. Sc radionuclide production in thick  {natTi} and  {natV} targets at {MEDICIS} is equivalent to low- to medium-energy cyclotron-irradiated targets at medically relevant yields, furthermore benefiting from the mass separation possibility. A two-step laser resonance ionization scheme was used to obtain mono-atomic Sc ion beams. Sc radionuclide release from irradiated target units most effectively could be promoted by volatile scandium fluoride formation. Thus, isotopically pure  44g/{mSc}, 46Sc, and 47Sc were obtained as mono-atomic and molecular {ScF} 2+ ion beams and collected for the first time at {CERN}-{MEDICIS}. Among all the investigated target materials,  {natTiC} is the most suitable target material for Sc mass separation as molecular halide beams, due to high possible operating temperatures and sustained release.},
	pages = {390},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {Pharmaceuticals},
	shortjournal = {Pharmaceuticals},
	author = {Mamis, Edgars and Duchemin, Charlotte and Berlin, Valentina and Bernerd, Cyril and Bovigny, Mathieu and Chevallay, Eric and Crepieux, Bernard and Gadelshin, Vadim Maratovich and Heinke, Reinhard and Hernandez, Ronaldo Mendez and Johnson, Jake David and Kalniņa, Patrīcija and Koliatos, Alexandros and Lambert, Laura and Rossel, Ralf Erik and Rothe, Sebastian and Thiboud, Julien and Weber, Felix and Wendt, Klaus and Zabolockis, Rudolfs Jānis and Pajuste, Elīna and Stora, Thierry},
	urldate = {2024-04-03},
	date = {2024-03-18},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {scientific-publication},
}

@article{vanlaereTerbiumRadionuclidesTheranostic2024,
	title = {Terbium radionuclides for theranostic applications in nuclear medicine: from atom to bedside},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {1838-7640},
	url = {https://www.thno.org/v14p1720.htm},
	doi = {10.7150/thno.92775},
	shorttitle = {Terbium radionuclides for theranostic applications in nuclear medicine},
	pages = {1720--1743},
	number = {4},
	journaltitle = {Theranostics},
	shortjournal = {Theranostics},
	author = {Van Laere, Camille and Koole, Michel and Deroose, Christophe M. and De Voorde, Michiel Van and Baete, Kristof and Cocolios, Thomas E. and Duchemin, Charlotte and Ooms, Maarten and Cleeren, Frederik},
	urldate = {2024-02-21},
	date = {2024},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {scientific-publication},
}

@article{ballanThermalStructuralCharacterization2022,
	title = {Thermal and Structural Characterization of a Titanium Carbide/Carbon Composite for Nuclear Applications},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {1996-1944},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/15/23/8358},
	doi = {10.3390/ma15238358},
	abstract = {In the framework of {ISOL} (isotope separation on-line) facilities, porous carbides are among the most employed target materials for the production of radioactive ion beams for research. As foreseen by the {ISOL} technique, a production target is impinged by an energetic particle beam, inducing nuclear reactions from such an interaction. The resulting radionuclides are subsequently released, thanks to the high target working temperature (1600–2000 °C); ionized; and extracted into a beam. Since the target microstructure and porosity play a fundamental role in the radionuclide release efficiency, custom-made target materials are often specifically produced, resulting in unknown thermal and structural properties. Considering that such targets might undergo intense thermal stresses during operation, a thermal and structural characterization is necessary to avoid target failure under irradiation. In the presented work, a custom-made porous titanium carbide that was specifically designed for application as an {ISOL} target was produced and characterized. The thermal characterization was focused on the evaluation of the material emissivity and thermal conductivity in the 600–1400 °C temperature range. For the estimation of a reference material tensile stress limit, the virtual thermoelastic parameter approach was adopted. In particular, for the aforementioned temperature range, an emissivity between 0.7 and 0.8 was measured, whereas a thermal conductivity between 8 and 10 W/{mK} was estimated.},
	pages = {8358},
	number = {23},
	journaltitle = {Materials},
	shortjournal = {Materials},
	author = {Ballan, Michele and Corradetti, Stefano and Manzolaro, Mattia and Meneghetti, Giovanni and Andrighetto, Alberto},
	urldate = {2022-11-30},
	date = {2022-11-24},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {scientific-publication},
}

@article{renaldinStudyThulium167Cyclotron2023,
	title = {Study of thulium-167 cyclotron production: a potential medically-relevant radionuclide},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {2296-2646},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fchem.2023.1288588/full},
	doi = {10.3389/fchem.2023.1288588},
	shorttitle = {Study of thulium-167 cyclotron production},
	abstract = {Introduction:
              Targeted Radionuclide Therapy is used for the treatment of tumors in nuclear medicine, while sparing healthy tissues. Its application to cancer treatment is expanding. In particular, Auger-electron emitters potentially exhibit high efficacy in treating either small metastases or single tumor cells due to their short range in tissue. The aim of this paper is to study the feasibility of a large-scale production of thulium-167, an Auger-electron emitter radionuclide, in view of eventual systematic preclinical studies.
            
            
              Methods:
              Proton-irradiated enriched erbium-167 and erbium-168 oxides were used to measure the production cross sections of thulium-165, thulium-166, thulium-167, and thulium-168 utilizing an 18-{MeV} medical cyclotron equipped with a Beam Transport Line ({BTL}) at the Bern medical cyclotron laboratory. The comparison between the experimental and the {TENDL} 2021 theoretical cross-section results were in good agreement. Additional experiments were performed to assess the production yields of thulium radioisotopes in the {BTL}. Thulium-167 production yield was also measured irradiating five different target materials (
              167
              Er
              2
              O
              3
              ,
              168
              Er
              2
              O
              3
              ,
              
                nat
              
              Tm
              2
              O
              3
              ,
              
                nat
              
              Yb
              2
              O
              3
              ,
              171
              Yb
              2
              O
              3
              ) with proton beams up to 63 {MeV} at the Injector {II} cyclotron of Paul Scherrer Institute.
            
            
              Results and Discussion:
              Our experiments showed that an 8-h irradiation of enriched ytterbium-171 oxide produced about 420 {MBq} of thulium-167 with a radionuclidic purity of 99.95\% after 5 days of cooling time with a proton beam of about 53 {MeV}. Larger activities of thulium-167 can be achieved using enriched erbium-168 oxide with a 23-{MeV} proton beam, obtaining about 1 {GBq} after 8-h irradiation with a radionuclidic purity of
              
                
                  {\textless}
                
              
              99.5\% 5 days post end of bombardment.},
	pages = {1288588},
	journaltitle = {Frontiers in Chemistry},
	shortjournal = {Front. Chem.},
	author = {Renaldin, Edoardo and Dellepiane, Gaia and Braccini, Saverio and Sommerhalder, Alexander and Zhang, Hui and Van Der Meulen, Nicholas P. and Eichler, Robert and Talip, Zeynep},
	urldate = {2023-11-29},
	date = {2023-10-19},
	keywords = {scientific-publication},
}

@article{wangStudyTerbiumProduction2023,
	title = {Study of terbium production from enriched Gd targets via the reaction 155Gd(d,2n)155Tb},
	volume = {201},
	issn = {09698043},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0969804323003494},
	doi = {10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.110996},
	pages = {110996},
	journaltitle = {Applied Radiation and Isotopes},
	shortjournal = {Applied Radiation and Isotopes},
	author = {Wang, Yizheng and Sounalet, Thomas and Guertin, Arnaud and Nigron, Etienne and Michel, Nathalie and Haddad, Férid},
	urldate = {2023-10-13},
	date = {2023-11},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {scientific-publication},
}

@article{johnsonResonantLaserIonization2023,
	title = {Resonant laser ionization and mass separation of 225Ac},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-28299-4},
	doi = {10.1038/s41598-023-28299-4},
	abstract = {Abstract
            
              
                
                  \$\${\textasciicircum}\{225\}\$\$
                  
                    
                      
                      225
                    
                  
                
              
              Ac is a radio-isotope that can be linked to biological vector molecules to treat certain distributed cancers using targeted alpha therapy. However, developing
              
                
                  \$\${\textasciicircum}\{225\}\$\$
                  
                    
                      
                      225
                    
                  
                
              
              Ac-labelled radiopharmaceuticals remains a challenge due to the supply shortage of pure
              
                
                  \$\${\textasciicircum}\{225\}\$\$
                  
                    
                      
                      225
                    
                  
                
              
              Ac itself. Several techniques to obtain pure
              
                
                  \$\${\textasciicircum}\{225\}\$\$
                  
                    
                      
                      225
                    
                  
                
              
              Ac are being investigated, amongst which is the high-energy proton spallation of thorium or uranium combined with resonant laser ionization and mass separation. As a proof-of-principle, we perform off-line resonant ionization mass spectrometry on two samples of
              
                
                  \$\${\textasciicircum}\{225\}\$\$
                  
                    
                      
                      225
                    
                  
                
              
              Ac, each with a known activity, in different chemical environments. We report overall operational collection efficiencies of 10.1(2)\% and 9.9(8)\% for the cases in which the
              
                
                  \$\${\textasciicircum}\{225\}\$\$
                  
                    
                      
                      225
                    
                  
                
              
              Ac was deposited on a rhenium surface and a {ThO}
              
                
                  \$\$\_\{2\}\$\$
                  
                    
                      
                      2
                    
                  
                
              
              mimic target matrix respectively. The bottleneck of the technique was the laser ionization efficiency, which was deduced to be 15.1(6)\%.},
	pages = {1347},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {Scientific Reports},
	shortjournal = {Sci Rep},
	author = {Johnson, Jake D. and Heines, Michael and Bruchertseifer, Frank and Chevallay, Eric and Cocolios, Thomas E. and Dockx, Kristof and Duchemin, Charlotte and Heinitz, Stephan and Heinke, Reinhard and Hurier, Sophie and Lambert, Laura and Leenders, Benji and Skliarova, Hanna and Stora, Thierry and Wojtaczka, Wiktoria},
	urldate = {2023-02-17},
	date = {2023-01-24},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {scientific-publication},
}

@article{sauleRecurrentProstateCancer2022,
	title = {Recurrent Prostate Cancer Diagnostics with 18F-{PSMA}-1007 {PET}/{CT}: A Systematic Review of the Current State},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {2075-4418},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/12/12/3176},
	doi = {10.3390/diagnostics12123176},
	shorttitle = {Recurrent Prostate Cancer Diagnostics with 18F-{PSMA}-1007 {PET}/{CT}},
	abstract = {Background: Early diagnosis of recurrent prostate cancer is a cornerstone for further adequate therapy planning. Therefore, clinical practice and research still focuses on diagnostic tools that can detect prostate cancer in early recurrence when it is undetectable in conventional diagnostic imaging. 18F-{PSMA}-1007 {PET}/{CT} is a novel method to evaluate patients with biochemical recurrent {PCa}. The aim of this review was to evaluate the role of 18F-{PSMA}-1007 {PET}/{CT} in prostate cancer local recurrence, lymph node metastases and bone metastases detection. Methods: Original studies, reviews and five meta-analyses were included in this article. A total of 70 studies were retrieved, 31 were included in the study. Results: All patients described in the studies underwent 18F-{PSMA}-1007 {PET}/{CT}. The administered 18F-{PSMA}-1007 individual dose ranged from 159 ± 31 {MBq} to 363.93 ± 69.40 {MBq}. Results showed that 18F-{PSMA}-1007 {PET}/{CT} demonstrates a good detection rate in recurrent prostate cancer. Conclusions: 18F-{PSMA}-1007 {PET}/{CT} appears to achieve reliable performance in detecting recurrent prostate cancer. The high detection rate of 18F-{PSMA}-1007 {PET}/{CT} in recurrent prostate cancer was confirmed, especially in local recurrence and small lymph nodes with non-specific characteristics on conventional diagnostic imaging methods. However, several authors emphasize some limitations for this tracer—for example, non-specific uptake in bone lesions that can mimic bone metastases.},
	pages = {3176},
	number = {12},
	journaltitle = {Diagnostics},
	shortjournal = {Diagnostics},
	author = {Saule, Laura and Radzina, Maija and Liepa, Mara and Roznere, Lilita and Lioznovs, Andrejs and Ratniece, Madara and Mamis, Edgars and Vjaters, Egils},
	urldate = {2023-01-04},
	date = {2022-12-15},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {scientific-publication},
}

@article{bernerdProductionInnovativeRadionuclides2023,
	title = {Production of innovative radionuclides for medical applications at the {CERN}-{MEDICIS} facility},
	volume = {542},
	issn = {0168583X},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0168583X2300201X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.nimb.2023.05.008},
	pages = {137--143},
	journaltitle = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms},
	shortjournal = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms},
	author = {Bernerd, C. and Johnson, J.D. and Aubert, E. and Au, M. and Barozier, V. and Bernardes, A.-P. and Bertreix, P. and Bruchertseifer, F. and Catherall, R. and Chevallay, E. and Chrysalidis, K. and Christodoulou, P. and Cocolios, T.E. and Crepieux, B. and Deschamps, M. and Dorsival, A. and Duchemin, C. and Fedosseev, V. and Fernier, P. and Heines, M. and Heinke, R. and Khalid, U. and Khan, M. and Khan, Q. and Lambert, L. and Mamis, E. and Marsh, B.A. and Marzari, S. and Menaa, N. and Munos, M. and Pozzi, F. and Prvakova, S. and Ramos, J.P. and Riccardi, F. and Rinchet, J.-Y. and Rossel, R.E. and Stora, T. and Thiboud, J. and Vollaire, J. and Van Den Bergh, V. and Wojtaczka, W.},
	urldate = {2023-11-28},
	date = {2023-09},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {scientific-publication},
}

@article{radchenkoProductionSupplyAParticle2021,
	title = {Production and Supply of α-Particle–Emitting Radionuclides for Targeted α-Therapy},
	volume = {62},
	issn = {0161-5505, 2159-662X},
	url = {http://jnm.snmjournals.org/lookup/doi/10.2967/jnumed.120.261016},
	doi = {10.2967/jnumed.120.261016},
	pages = {1495--1503},
	number = {11},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Nuclear Medicine},
	shortjournal = {J Nucl Med},
	author = {Radchenko, Valery and Morgenstern, Alfred and Jalilian, Amir R. and Ramogida, Caterina F. and Cutler, Cathy and Duchemin, Charlotte and Hoehr, Cornelia and Haddad, Ferrid and Bruchertseifer, Frank and Gausemel, Haavar and Yang, Hua and Osso, Joao Alberto and Washiyama, Kohshin and Czerwinski, Kenneth and Leufgen, Kirsten and Pruszyński, Marek and Valzdorf, Olga and Causey, Patrick and Schaffer, Paul and Perron, Randy and Maxim, Samsonov and Wilbur, D. Scott and Stora, Thierry and Li, Yawen},
	urldate = {2022-06-02},
	date = {2021-11},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {scientific-publication},
}

@article{radzinaNovelRadionuclidesUse2023,
	title = {Novel radionuclides for use in Nuclear Medicine in Europe: where do we stand and where do we go?},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {2365-421X},
	url = {https://ejnmmipharmchem.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s41181-023-00211-5},
	doi = {10.1186/s41181-023-00211-5},
	shorttitle = {Novel radionuclides for use in Nuclear Medicine in Europe},
	abstract = {Abstract
            
              Background
              In order to support the ongoing research across Europe to facilitate access to novel radionuclides, the {PRISMAP} consortium (European medical radionuclides programme) was established to offer the broadest catalog of non-conventional radionuclides for medical and translational research. The aim of this article is to introduce readers with current status of novel radionuclides in Europe.
            
            
              Main body
              
                A consortium questionnaire was disseminated through the {PRISMAP} consortium and user community, professional associations and preclinical/clinical end users in Europe and the current status of clinical end-users in nuclear medicine were identified. A total of 40 preclinical/clinical users institutions took part in the survey. Clinical end users currently use the following radionuclides in their studies:
                177
                Lu,
                68
                 Ga,
                111
                In,
                90
                Y, other alpha emitters,
                225
                Ac,
                64
                Cu and Terbium isotopes. Radionuclides that would be of interest for users within the next 2–5 years are
                64
                Cu, Terbium radionuclide “family” and alpha emitters, such as
                225
                Ac.
              
            
            
              Conclusions
              Thanks to a questionnaire distributed by the {PRISMAP} consortium, the current status and needs of clinical end-users in nuclear medicine were identified.},
	pages = {27},
	number = {1},
	journaltitle = {{EJNMMI} Radiopharmacy and Chemistry},
	shortjournal = {{EJNMMI} radiopharm. chem.},
	author = {Radzina, Maija and Saule, Laura and Mamis, Edgars and Koester, Ulli and Cocolios, Thomas Elias and Pajuste, Elina and Kalnina, Marika and Palskis, Kristaps and Sawitzki, Zoe and Talip, Zeynep and Jensen, Mikael and Duchemin, Charlotte and Leufgen, Kirsten and Stora, Thierry},
	urldate = {2023-11-16},
	date = {2023-10-12},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {scientific-publication},
}

@article{pedersenImprovedProceduresProduction2023,
	title = {Improved procedures for production and purification of 135La from enriched [135Ba]{BaCO}3 on a 16.5 {MeV} cyclotron},
	volume = {192},
	issn = {09698043},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0969804322004973},
	doi = {10.1016/j.apradiso.2022.110612},
	pages = {110612},
	journaltitle = {Applied Radiation and Isotopes},
	shortjournal = {Applied Radiation and Isotopes},
	author = {Pedersen, Kristina Søborg and Deville, Claire and Søndergaard, Ursula and Jensen, Mikael and Jensen, Andreas I.},
	urldate = {2022-12-19},
	date = {2023-02},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {scientific-publication},
}

@article{collinsHalflifeDetermination155Tb2022,
	title = {Half-life determination of 155Tb from mass-separated samples produced at {CERN}-{MEDICIS}},
	volume = {190},
	issn = {09698043},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0969804322003657},
	doi = {10.1016/j.apradiso.2022.110480},
	pages = {110480},
	journaltitle = {Applied Radiation and Isotopes},
	shortjournal = {Applied Radiation and Isotopes},
	author = {Collins, S.M. and Robinson, A.P. and Ivanov, P. and Köster, U. and Cocolios, T.E. and Russell, B. and Webster, B. and Fenwick, A.J. and Duchemin, C. and Ramos, J.P. and Chevallay, E. and Jakobsson, U. and Stegemann, S. and Regan, P.H. and Stora, T.},
	urldate = {2022-11-30},
	date = {2022-12},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {scientific-publication},
}

@article{heinkeFirstOnlineApplication2023,
	title = {First on-line application of the high-resolution spectroscopy laser ion source {PI}-{LIST} at {ISOLDE}},
	volume = {541},
	issn = {0168583X},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0168583X23001945},
	doi = {10.1016/j.nimb.2023.04.057},
	pages = {8--12},
	journaltitle = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms},
	shortjournal = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms},
	author = {Heinke, Reinhard and Au, Mia and Bernerd, Cyril and Chrysalidis, Katerina and Cocolios, Thomas E. and Fedosseev, Valentin N. and Hendriks, Isabel and Jaradat, Asar A.H. and Kaja, Magdalena and Kieck, Tom and Kron, Tobias and Mancheva, Ralitsa and Marsh, Bruce A. and Marzari, Stefano and Raeder, Sebastian and Rothe, Sebastian and Studer, Dominik and Weber, Felix and Wendt, Klaus},
	urldate = {2023-11-21},
	date = {2023-08},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {scientific-publication},
}

@article{vermeulenExploringPotentialHighMolarActivity2022,
	title = {Exploring the Potential of High-Molar-Activity Samarium-153 for Targeted Radionuclide Therapy with [153Sm]Sm-{DOTA}-{TATE}},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {1999-4923},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/14/12/2566},
	doi = {10.3390/pharmaceutics14122566},
	abstract = {Samarium-153 is a promising theranostic radionuclide, but low molar activities (Am) resulting from its current production route render it unsuitable for targeted radionuclide therapy ({TRNT}). Recent efforts combining neutron activation of 152Sm in the {SCK} {CEN} {BR}2 reactor with mass separation at {CERN}/{MEDICIS} yielded high-Am 153Sm. In this proof-of-concept study, we further evaluated the potential of high-Am 153Sm for {TRNT} by radiolabeling to {DOTA}-{TATE}, a well-established carrier molecule binding the somatostatin receptor 2 ({SSTR}2) that is highly expressed in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. {DOTA}-{TATE} was labeled with 153Sm and remained stable up to 7 days in relevant media. The binding specificity and high internalization rate were validated on {SSTR}2-expressing {CA}20948 cells. In vitro biological evaluation showed that [153Sm]Sm-{DOTA}-{TATE} was able to reduce {CA}20948 cell viability and clonogenic potential in an activity-dependent manner. Biodistribution studies in healthy and {CA}20948 xenografted mice revealed that [153Sm]Sm-{DOTA}-{TATE} was rapidly cleared and profound tumor uptake and retention was observed whilst these were limited in normal tissues. This proof-of-concept study showed the potential of mass-separated 153Sm for {TRNT} and could open doors towards wider applications of mass separation in medical isotope production.},
	pages = {2566},
	number = {12},
	journaltitle = {Pharmaceutics},
	shortjournal = {Pharmaceutics},
	author = {Vermeulen, Koen and Van de Voorde, Michiel and Segers, Charlotte and Coolkens, Amelie and Rodriguez Pérez, Sunay and Daems, Noami and Duchemin, Charlotte and Crabbé, Melissa and Opsomer, Tomas and Saldarriaga Vargas, Clarita and Heinke, Reinhard and Lambert, Laura and Bernerd, Cyril and Burgoyne, Andrew R. and Cocolios, Thomas Elias and Stora, Thierry and Ooms, Maarten},
	urldate = {2022-11-30},
	date = {2022-11-23},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {scientific-publication},
}

@article{colucciExcitationFunctionsDeuteron2022,
	title = {Excitation functions of deuteron induced nuclear reactions on dysprosium targets for the production of the theranostic relevant isotopes of terbium},
	volume = {137},
	issn = {2190-5444},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/10.1140/epjp/s13360-022-03378-z},
	doi = {10.1140/epjp/s13360-022-03378-z},
	abstract = {Abstract
            
              The physical properties of
              
                
                  \$\$\{\}{\textasciicircum}\{149,152,155,161\}\$\$
                  
                    
                      
                      
                        149
                        ,
                        152
                        ,
                        155
                        ,
                        161
                      
                    
                  
                
              
              Tb enable their use in both diagnostic and therapeutic applications in the field of nuclear medicine. For this reason the optimization of the production routes of these radionuclides is of widespread interest in research. In this work, the feasibility of the production of
              
                
                  \$\$\{\}{\textasciicircum}\{155\}\$\$
                  
                    
                      
                      155
                    
                  
                
              
              Tb and
              
                
                  \$\$\{\}{\textasciicircum}\{161\}\$\$
                  
                    
                      
                      161
                    
                  
                
              
              Tb via the nuclear reactions induced by deuterons on dysprosium target with natural isotopic abundances has been discussed. The cross sections of
              
                
                  \$\$\{\}{\textasciicircum}\{nat\}\$\$
                  
                    
                      
                      
                        nat
                      
                    
                  
                
              
              Dy(d,x) reactions have been studied in the 12.5–32 {MeV} energetic range with the stacked-foil technique and the corresponding Thick Target Yields have been obtained. The presence of terbium and dysprosium contaminants (
              
                
                  \$\$\{\}{\textasciicircum}\{156,160\}\$\$
                  
                    
                      
                      
                        156
                        ,
                        160
                      
                    
                  
                
              
              Tb,
              
                
                  \$\$\{\}{\textasciicircum}\{155,157,159\}\$\$
                  
                    
                      
                      
                        155
                        ,
                        157
                        ,
                        159
                      
                    
                  
                
              
              Dy) has been evaluated too.},
	pages = {1180},
	number = {10},
	journaltitle = {The European Physical Journal Plus},
	shortjournal = {Eur. Phys. J. Plus},
	author = {Colucci, Michele and Carminati, Stefano and Haddad, Ferid and Nigron, Etienne and Groppi, Flavia and Manenti, Simone},
	urldate = {2022-12-07},
	date = {2022-10-26},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {scientific-publication},
}

@article{decristoforoEmergingRadionuclidesRegulatory2021,
	title = {Emerging Radionuclides in a Regulatory Framework for Medicinal Products – How Do They Fit?},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {2296-858X},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2021.678452/full},
	doi = {10.3389/fmed.2021.678452},
	abstract = {Recent years have seen the establishment of several radionuclides as medicinal products in particular in the setting of theranostics and {PET}. [
              177
              Lu]Lutetium Chloride or [
              64
              Cu]Copper Chloride have received marketing authorization as radionuclide precursor, [
              68
              Ga]Gallium Chloride has received regulatory approval in the form of different
              68
              Ge/
              68
              Ga generators. This is a formal requirement by the {EU} directive 2001/83, even though for some of these radionuclide precursors no licensed kit is available that can be combined to obtain a final radiopharmaceuticals, as it is the case for Technetium-99m. In view of several highly promising, especially metallic radionuclides for theranostic applications in a wider sense, the strict regulatory environment poses the risk of slowing down development, in particular for radionuclide producers that want to provide innovative radionuclides for clinical research purposes, which is the basis for their further establishment. In this paper we address the regulatory framework for novel radionuclides within the {EU}, the current challenges in particular related to clinical translation and potential options to support translational development within Europe and worldwide.},
	pages = {678452},
	journaltitle = {Frontiers in Medicine},
	shortjournal = {Front. Med.},
	author = {Decristoforo, Clemens and Neels, Oliver and Patt, Marianne},
	urldate = {2022-06-02},
	date = {2021-05-28},
	keywords = {scientific-publication},
}

@article{heinkeEfficientProductionHigh2021,
	title = {Efficient Production of High Specific Activity Thulium-167 at Paul Scherrer Institute and {CERN}-{MEDICIS}},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {2296-858X},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2021.712374/full},
	doi = {10.3389/fmed.2021.712374},
	abstract = {Thulium-167 is a promising radionuclide for nuclear medicine applications with potential use for both diagnosis and therapy (“theragnostics”) in disseminated tumor cells and small metastases, due to suitable gamma-line as well as conversion/Auger electron energies. However, adequate delivery methods are yet to be developed and accompanying radiobiological effects to be investigated, demanding the availability of
              167
              Tm in appropriate activities and quality. We report herein on the production of radionuclidically pure
              167
              Tm from proton-irradiated natural erbium oxide targets at a cyclotron and subsequent ion beam mass separation at the {CERN}-{MEDICIS} facility, with a particular focus on the process efficiency. Development of the mass separation process with studies on stable
              169
              Tm yielded 65 and 60\% for pure and erbium-excess samples. An enhancement factor of thulium ion beam over that of erbium of up to several 10
              4
              was shown by utilizing laser resonance ionization and exploiting differences in their vapor pressures. Three
              167
              Tm samples produced at the {IP}2 irradiation station, receiving 22.8 {MeV} protons from Injector {II} at Paul Scherrer Institute ({PSI}), were mass separated with collected radionuclide efficiencies between 11 and 20\%. Ion beam sputtering from the collection foils was identified as a limiting factor.
              In-situ
              gamma-measurements showed that up to 45\% separation efficiency could be fully collected if these limits are overcome. Comparative analyses show possible neighboring mass suppression factors of more than 1,000, and overall
              167
              Tm/Er purity increase in the same range. Both the actual achieved collection and separation efficiencies present the highest values for the mass separation of external radionuclide sources at {MEDICIS} to date.},
	pages = {712374},
	journaltitle = {Frontiers in Medicine},
	shortjournal = {Front. Med.},
	author = {Heinke, Reinhard and Chevallay, Eric and Chrysalidis, Katerina and Cocolios, Thomas E. and Duchemin, Charlotte and Fedosseev, Valentin N. and Hurier, Sophie and Lambert, Laura and Leenders, Benji and Marsh, Bruce A. and van der Meulen, Nicholas P. and Sprung, Peter and Stora, Thierry and Tosato, Marianna and Wilkins, Shane G. and Zhang, Hui and Talip, Zeynep},
	urldate = {2022-06-02},
	date = {2021-10-12},
	keywords = {scientific-publication},
}

@article{bernerdDFTCalculationsTibased2023,
	title = {{DFT} calculations of Ti-based molecules clustering with Ar for laser-based enrichment of stable isotopes},
	volume = {541},
	issn = {0168583X},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0168583X23002513},
	doi = {10.1016/j.nimb.2023.05.040},
	pages = {141--143},
	journaltitle = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms},
	shortjournal = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms},
	author = {Bernerd, Cyril and Cocolios, Thomas Elias and Dooms, Lucas and Ferrari, Piero and Payne, Oliver},
	urldate = {2023-11-28},
	date = {2023-08},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {scientific-publication},
}

@article{collinsDeterminationTerbium152Halflife2023,
	title = {Determination of the Terbium-152 half-life from mass-separated samples from {CERN}-{ISOLDE} and assessment of the radionuclide purity},
	volume = {202},
	issn = {09698043},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0969804323003974},
	doi = {10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.111044},
	pages = {111044},
	journaltitle = {Applied Radiation and Isotopes},
	shortjournal = {Applied Radiation and Isotopes},
	author = {Collins, S.M. and Köster, U. and Robinson, A.P. and Ivanov, P. and Cocolios, T.E. and Russell, B. and Fenwick, A.J. and Bernerd, C. and Stegemann, S. and Johnston, K. and Gerami, A.M. and Chrysalidis, K. and Mohamud, H. and Ramirez, N. and Bhaisare, A. and Mewburn-Crook, J. and Cullen, D.M. and Pietras, B. and Pells, S. and Dockx, K. and Stucki, N. and Regan, P.H.},
	urldate = {2023-10-13},
	date = {2023-12},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {scientific-publication},
}

@article{nigronCanWeReach2023,
	title = {Can we reach suitable 161Tb purity for medical applications using the 160Gd(d,n) reaction?},
	volume = {200},
	issn = {09698043},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0969804323002804},
	doi = {10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.110927},
	pages = {110927},
	journaltitle = {Applied Radiation and Isotopes},
	shortjournal = {Applied Radiation and Isotopes},
	author = {Nigron, Etienne and Guertin, Arnaud and Haddad, Férid and Granger, Lucas and Rayer, Maxence and Rintaud, Alexandre},
	urldate = {2023-09-05},
	date = {2023-10},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {scientific-publication},
}

@article{mou67CuProductionCapabilities2022,
	title = {67Cu Production Capabilities: A Mini Review},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {1420-3049},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/5/1501},
	doi = {10.3390/molecules27051501},
	shorttitle = {67Cu Production Capabilities},
	abstract = {Is the 67Cu production worldwide feasible for expanding preclinical and clinical studies? How can we face the ingrowing demands of this emerging and promising theranostic radionuclide for personalized therapies? This review looks at the different production routes, including the accelerator- and reactor-based ones, providing a comprehensive overview of the actual 67Cu supply, with brief insight into its use in non-clinical and clinical studies. In addition to the most often explored nuclear reactions, this work focuses on the 67Cu separation and purification techniques, as well as the target material recovery procedures that are mandatory for the economic sustainability of the production cycle. The quality aspects, such as radiochemical, chemical, and radionuclidic purity, with particular attention to the coproduction of the counterpart 64Cu, are also taken into account, with detailed comparisons among the different production routes. Future possibilities related to new infrastructures are included in this work, as well as new developments on the radiopharmaceuticals aspects.},
	pages = {1501},
	number = {5},
	journaltitle = {Molecules},
	shortjournal = {Molecules},
	author = {Mou, Liliana and Martini, Petra and Pupillo, Gaia and Cieszykowska, Izabela and Cutler, Cathy S. and Mikołajczak, Renata},
	urldate = {2022-12-06},
	date = {2022-02-23},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {scientific-publication},
}

@article{collinsNuclearDataDay12023,
	title = {Nuclear data for day-1 radionuclides},
	rights = {Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, Open Access},
	url = {https://zenodo.org/record/8247129},
	doi = {10.5281/ZENODO.8247129},
	abstract = {Nuclear decay data are fundamental constants of a radionuclide’s decay process and are unique to that radionuclide. Nuclear decay data have been identified as being of importance to a wide range of activities in nuclear medicine, from the production of radionuclides to their use in nuclear medicine clinics. Accurate and precise data on nuclear decay is therefore necessary to ensure confidence in all activities undertaken throughout the process of using radiopharmaceutical products. This report provides a review of the status of the nuclear decay data of the diagnostic or therapeutic radionuclides in the {PRISMAP} catalogue available at the start of the project in May 2021. There were eighteen original radionuclides available at the commencement of the project, which were identified as Sc-44, Sc-47, Cu-64, Cu-67, Ag-111, La-135, Tb-149, Tb-152, Tb-155, Tb-161, Er-165, Ho-166, Er-169, Yb-175, Pt-195m, Bi-213, At-211 and Ac-225. This review does not include a review of the radionuclides Dy-166 and Tm-165 that are used as generators to produce Ho-166 and Er-165 and has focused on these progenies instead. Whilst {PRISMAP} has extended their radionuclide catalogue since the initiation of the project to now encompass a total of twenty-six radionuclides at the time of publishing this report, these additional radionuclides have not been covered by this review. These may be included in a future review. A summary of the current state of nuclear decay data of the initial eighteen radionuclides have been covered using the latest evaluations published by the Nuclear Data Sheets or the Decay Data Evaluation Project. Where recent studies have been published since the last evaluation a comparison to these new values have been included. Based on these reviews’ recommendations, where the current literature is lacking or there is room for improvement, new nuclear decay data studies are needed or have been proposed.},
	publisher = {Zenodo},
	author = {Collins, Sean},
	urldate = {2023-08-23},
	date = {2023-08-14},
	langid = {english},
	keywords = {Gamma-ray emission intensities, Half-life, Nuclear Decay Data, Nuclear Medicine, {PRISMAP}, deliverable},
}

@article{cocoliosDFTCalculationsCa2022,
	title = {{DFT} calculations for Ca and Ti containing molecules},
	rights = {Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, Open Access},
	url = {https://zenodo.org/record/6607408},
	doi = {10.5281/ZENODO.6607408},
	abstract = {Density Functional Theory ({DFT}) calculations have been performed on simple Ti containing molecules, namely {TiF}, {TiF}$_{\textrm{2}}$, {TiF}$_{\textrm{3}}$, and {TiF}$_{\textrm{4}}$, to establish the methodology (benchmark of the appropriate level of theory) and determine basic properties of these simple molecules, such as geometry, vibration frequencies, and binding to Ar atoms for clusterization (at room temperature and at 15 K). The frequencies identified are in the far infrared and thus are not practical for laser-based Fourier Transform Infrared ({FTIR}) spectroscopy.{\textless}br{\textgreater} This method is then applied on more complex molecules, namely Ti[{OEt}]$_{\textrm{4}}$ and Ti[{OPr}]$_{\textrm{4}}$, which have been identified within {PRISMAP} as potential candidates for enrichment applications. Preliminary results reproduce the experimental spectrum known for Ti[{OEt}]$_{\textrm{4}}$ and identify at which wavelength range the vibrational modes that are sensitive to the Ti isotope are located. This suggests that more complex molecules might not provide better separation than the simple {TiF}$_{\textrm{x}}$ molecules.},
	publisher = {Zenodo},
	author = {Cocolios, Thomas Elias and Dooms, Lucas and Ferrari, Piero and Payne, Oliver and Bernerd, Cyril},
	urldate = {2022-06-02},
	date = {2022-05-13},
	langid = {english},
	note = {Version Number: 1.0},
	keywords = {Clusters, Density functional theory, deliverable},
}